Hybrid Threats and Grey Zone Conflict

Mitt Regan is McDevitt Professor of Jurisprudence and Co-Director of the Center on National Security at Georgetown Law Center, and is Faculty Coordinator for the Atrocity Crimes Advisory Group, Ukraine. He also serves as a Senior Fellow at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership at the US Naval Academy, and is a member of an expert group advising the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on legal and ethical dimensions of AI applications in military operations. He works in the fields of international law on the use of force, international human rights law, international criminal law, and military ethics. Aurel Sari is an Associate Professor of Public International Law at the University of Exeter and a Fellow of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. His work focuses primarily on international conflict and security law and the law relating to military operations. He has spoken and written widely on the legal aspects of hybrid threats, including at the invitation of the Council of Europe, NATO, the European Commission, and the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats.

1. Introduction
Aurel Sari and Mitt Regan

I - WHAT ARE HYBRID THREATS AND GREY ZONE CONFLICT?

2. The Grey Zone and Hybrid Conflict: A Conceptual Introduction
Christopher Marsh

3. Grey Zone Conflict and Military Affairs: Questioning the Premise
Melanie W. Sisson

4. We Have Met the Grey Zone and He is Us: How Grey Zone Warfare Exploits Our Undecidedness about What Matters to Us
Duncan MacIntosh

5. Legal Aspects of Grey Zone and Hybrid Threats: A Primer
Hitoshi Nasu

6. The Divide between War and Peace
Tobias Vestner

7. Rethinking Coercion in Cyberspace
Ido Kilovaty

II - ARENAS OF HYBRID AND GREY ZONE COMPETITION

8. A Topography of Information-Based Foreign Influence
Beba Cibralic

9. In Pursuit of Geopolitical Advantage: Hacking Below the Threshold of War
Melissa K. Griffith

10. Lawfare, China, and the Grey Zone
Orde F. Kittrie

11. Emerging Bio-Technologies for Disruptive Effects in Grey Zone Engagements
Joseph DeFranco, Diane DiEuliis, L. R. Bremseth, and James Giordano

12. The Maritime Domain
David Letts

13. The Evolving Chinese Strategy in the Arctic: Entering the Grey Zone?
Camilla T. N. Sørensen

14. Hybrid and Grey Zone Operations in Outer Space
Melissa de Zwart


III - INSTRUMENTS, TACTICS, AND METHODS IN THE GREY ZONE

15. Decoding Grey Zone Environments
Andrés B. Muñoz Mosquera and Nikoleta Chalanouli

16. Coercing Well: The Logic, Grammar, and Norms of the Grey Zone
C. Anthony Pfaff

17. Lying in the Grey Zone
Steven Wheatley

18. Rethinking the International Law of Interference in the Digital Age
Steven J. Barela and Samuli Haataja

19. Trapped in the Grey Zone: International Law Applicable to Non-State Actors
Agata Kleczkowska

20. From Red Scare to Red Scare, Grey Zone to Grey Zone: Weaponizing Dissent and Civil Society
Tyler Wentzell and Barbara J. Falk

21. A Grey Zone Analytic Framework for Military Operations
Maegen Nix and Welton Chang


IV - COUNTERING HYBRID AND GREY ZONE THREATS: HOW CAN LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES RESPOND?

22. An Ethical Framework for Assessing Grey Zone Responses
Ed Barrett

23. Winning at the Strategic Seams
Michael A. Newton

24. Legal Resilience: Just a Warm and Fuzzy Concept?
Aurel Sari

25. How to Involve Civil Society in Grey Zone Defence
Elisabeth Braw

26. Security Assistance by Liberal Democracies: Tensions in the Grey Zone
Mitt Regan & Sarah Harrison

27. The Practice of Legal Resilience: Insights from the Maritime Incident of 31 May 2010
Marlene Mazel

28. Legal Resilience from a Finnish Perspective
Tiina Ferm

29. The Path to Legal Resilience
Andrés B. Muñoz Mosquera, Jean Emmanuel Perrin, Panagiotis Sergis, Rodrigo Vázquez Benítez, and Borja Montes Toscano