Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation

PART 1: BASIC CONCEPTS

The American Psychiatric Association
Multiaxial Evaluation
Mental Health Negotiators
Types of Disorders Typically Encountered by Crisis Negotiators

Characteristics of Effective Hostage
and Crisis Negotiators
What Is Past Is Prologue
The Way We Were
The Way It Should Be
Who Talks the Talk so SWAT Does Not Have to Shoot?
Method
Results
Conclusion

Cross-Trained versus Cross-Qualified

Non-Law-Enforcement Negotiators
The Role of Third-Party Intermediaries
To Whom Are We Listening?
Legendary Linguistic Lapses
Potential Problems
Time Is on Our Side
Typical Third-Party Problems
Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation
Some Simple Solutions
Professional Models
Control of Non-Law-Enforcement/Correctional Interpreters
The Interpreter Cannot Be Allowed to Improvise
Third-Party Intermediators Do Not Guarantee Success
Conclusion

One on One Just Isn't Right
The Team Concept
Team Structure
The Successful Approach: Teamwork

Stress and the Hostage or Crisis Negotiator
We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us
Negotiating and Negotiators' Stress
Preincident Precautions and Preparation
Incident
Postincident
CISDs
Debriefings
Defusing
Demobilizations
Summary

PART II: DEALING WITH THE OTHER VICTIM

Negotiating with Normal People
Mission Statement
Stress Is Personally Defined
Every Call for Service Means Stress for Someone
Active Listening
Negotiating Guidelines

Negotiating with the Adolescent Hostage Taker
The Role of the Negotiator
Defining Adolescence
Adolescence: Phase I
Adolescence: Phase II
Adolescence: Phase III
Normal Adolescents
The Crisis Mindset
Adolescent Crisis Resolution Skills
Common Clinical Conditions
Depression
Anxiety and Inadequacy
The Adolescent Criminal (Antisocial Personality)
The Psychotic
Negotiating Guidelines
Guidelines for Negotiating with an Adolescent Hostage Taker

Negotiating with the Inadequate Personality
Incidence in Society
The APA Version
The Military Version
The Movie Version
The Law Enforcement Version
Conclusion
Negotiating Guidelines and Their Rationale

The Antisocial Personality Disorder
(It's All About Me!) Hostage Taker
The Antisocial Personality Disorder
APA
Hostage Takers
Negotiating Guidelines and Their Rationale

Negotiating with the Paranoid Schizophrenic
Hostage Taker
Etiology
Definition
Incidence in Society
Major Symptoms
Negotiating Guidelines and Rationale
Conclusion
Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation

The Bipolar (I'm Focused and Flying High!)
Hostage Taker
Law Enforcement Encounters with Bipolar Hostage Takers
The APA Multiaxial Evaluation
Bipolar People and the Police
Bipolar Disorder and the APA
Bipolar Disorder and Hollywood
Hostage Takers
Negotiating Guidelines and Their Rationale
Recommended Guidelines for Negotiating with the Bipolar
Quick Summary of Negotiation Strategies

The Suicidal Hostage Holder
Asking the Difficult Question
The Golden Gate Bridge, Doubt, Alcohol, and Judgment
The Less Than Lethal Alternative
Police and Solo Suicidal Subjects
Depression in the DSM IV
Suicide by Police
Snakes With and Without Venom
Civilian Suicide
Mental Health Professionals
Negotiating Guidelines and Rationale
Evaluate Preincident Behavior
Incident Behavior
Suggested Officer (Negotiating Team) Behavior and Strategies
Negotiating Techniques
Postincident Considerations

Police-Assisted Suicide
Law Enforcement as Mental Health Professionals
Snakes With and Without Venom
The Golden Gate Bridge, Alcohol and Judgment and Doubt
Identification
Preincident Behavior
Incident Behavior
Suggested Officer (Negotiating Team) Behavior and Strategies
Negotiating Techniques
Postincident Considerations

Crisis Negotiations in the Correctional Setting
The Street Versus the Institution
Daily Experience
Hostage Survival
The Prison Population
Institutional Crisis Negotiations
Systems Approach to Crisis Management
Conclusion

Negotiating with the Extremist
Types of Hostage Holders
The Terrorist Mystique
The Role of Third-Party Intermediaries
Time Is on Our Side
Conclusion

PART III: CRISIS RESOLUTION INDICATORS

Indicators of Subject Surrender
The Indicators

Indicators of Volatile Negotiations
Suicidal Subjects
A Depressed Hostage Taker Who Denies Thoughts of Suicide No Rapport
Age of the Subject
No Social Support System
The Subject Insists on Face-to-Face Negotiations
The Subject Sets a Deadline for His Own Death
Verbal Will
History of Violence
Subject has a History of Violence
Prior Confrontations
A Planned Siege
Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation
Negotiations Process Refusal to Negotiate Subject-Victim Relationship Targeted Hostages The Hostage Taker Insists that a Particular Person Be
Brought to the Scene
Isolation or Dehumanization of Hostages
Weapons
A Weapon is Tied to the Hostage Holder
Excessive Ammunition and Multiple Weapons
Explosives
Incident Behavior of Subject
Postnegotiations Violence
Negotiations are Becoming More Volatile
After Hours of Negotiations, the Subject has No Clear
Demands, His Demands are Outrageous, or
They are Changing
Subject Stress
Multiple Stressors
Alcohol or Drug Use by Subject or Hostage During the Siege
Threat Analysis
Types of Threats
Conclusion

PART IV: GROUP DYNAMICS

Group Think
Basic Human Nature Is to Go Along to Get Along
Group Think
A Bridge Too Far
Group Think in 1944
What Went Wrong at Waco, Phase I
What Went Wrong at Waco with the FBI: Phase I
F.C.I. Talladega, Alabama, 1991
Ruby Ridge, Idaho, 1992
What Went Wrong at Waco with the FBI in 1993: Phase II
The FBI Does Study Its History
Avoiding This Disaster

Creative Criteria for Constructive Deviation
from Crisis Negotiation Guidelines
Landover Mall
Long Ago and Far Away
A New Direction
Judicial Hindsight
In the Beginning
We've Come a Long Way, Baby
Making the Decision to Deviate
The Decision to Deviate
Procedures for Creativity in Deviation
Conclusion

PART V: HOSTAGE ISSUES

Phases of a Hostage Crisis
Problem
Individual Differences in Response to Stress
The Role of Hostage
London Syndrome
Stockholm Syndrome
U.S. Marines in Tehran
The Hostage Takers
Types of Hostage Takers
The Criminal Subject
The Mentally Ill Subject
The Politically, Socially, or Religiously Motivated Subject
Is It Ever Over?

The Stockholm Syndrome
The Bank Robbery
Some History
The Phenomenon
Domestic Hostage Situations
Stages of Hostage Reaction
Time
Isolation
Positive Contact
Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation
Hostage Taker Reaction
Individualized Reactions

What Do You Say to a Hostage?
Time
Dos
Don'ts
Have a Plan
Who Are the Hostages?
A Litany of Legendary Animosity and Misinformation
The Role of the Hostage in the Surrender
Summary

INDEX