The Handbook of Language in Public Health and Healthcare

Pilar Ortega, MD, MGM, is Vice President, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Departments of Emergency Medicine and Medical Education. Dr. Ortega co-founded the National Association of Medical Spanish and the Medical Organization for Latino Advancement.

Glenn Martínez, PhD, MPH, is Dean of the College of Liberal and Fine Arts and Professor of Spanish, Bicultural/Bilingual Studies, and Public Health at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Dr. Martínez's research focuses on sociolinguistics and applied linguistics of Spanish-speaking communities in the United States and along the US-Mexico border.

Maichou Lor, PhD, RN, is Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing. Dr. Lor's research focuses on reducing health disparities through improving health communication between healthcare providers and patients, specifically patients with low health literacy and/or limited English proficiency. She is a board member of the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care.

A. Susana Ramírez, PhD, MPH, is Associate Professor of Public Health Communication at the University of California, Merced. As an infodemiologist, Dr. Ramírez applies communication science to advance public health goals. She is an internationally recognized expert on media, inequality, and health.

Editor Biographies xi

Contributor Biographies xiii

Endorsement xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxv

Part I Theory, History, and Context: Language in Public Health and Healthcare 1

1 Are We Overlooking Language? An Applied Linguistics Perspective on the Role of Language as a Social Determinant of Health 3
Stefanie Harsch and Maricel G. Santos

2 Sociolinguistics, Public Health, and Healthcare 25
Dalia Magaña

3 A Critical Overview of Illness Narratives: Sociolinguistic, Literary, and Graphic Perspectives 43
Roxana Delbene

4 Anthropological Linguistics, Health, and Healthcare 59
Milena A. Melo, Carla Pezzia, William J. Robertson, and K. Jill Fleuriet

5 Applied Linguistics, Public Health, and Healthcare 77
Holly E. Jacobson

Part II Language Interpretation and Translation in Public Health and Healthcare 97

6 Recognizing and Addressing Language Discordance 101
Allison Squires

7 The Role of Healthcare Interpreters 117
Elaine Hsieh

8 Healthcare Translation for Patients 137
Wioleta Karwacka

9 Health Literacy and Plain Language 155
Suad Ghaddar

Part III Language Concordance in Public Health and Healthcare 175

10 Language Concordance in Clinical Care 179
Alicia Fernández and Francine Ríos-Fetchko

11 Language Concordance as Interactional Concordance in Multilingual Clinical Consultations 189
Caroline H. Vickers and Ryan A. Goble

12 Assessing Clinician Language Skills 215
Ute Knoch and Jason Fan

13 Setting Standards for Clinician Language Use in Patient Care 231
John D. Cowden

14 Current Gaps and Future Directions in Language Concordance Research and Policy 255
George S. Corpuz, David A. Chirikian, and Lisa C. Diamond

Part IV Pedagogy of Medical Language Education 277

15 Second Language Acquisition for Healthcare Purposes 281
Karol J. Hardin

16 Centering Translanguaging for Inclusive Health Communication: Implications for Healthcare Professional Education 305
Josh Prada and Robyn Woodward-Kron

17 Dedicated Medical Spanish Courses and Crosslinguistic Healthcare Communication Skills 325
Marco A. Alemán and Alejandra Zapién-Hidalgo

18 Medical Language Programs to Enhance Engagement with Diverse Communities in the United States and Around the World 349
Rose L. Molina and Jennifer Kasper

19 Clinical Communication Skills Training in Minoritized Languages 367
Carmen Pérez-Muñoz and Tiffany M. Shin

20 Faculty Development in Medical Language Education 387
Mónica B. Vela and Adriana C. Black Morocoima

Part V Mass Communication and Health: Theory, Research, and Application with and for Linguistically Diverse Populations 403

21 Mass Media and Health Research in, with, and for Linguistically Diverse Populations 407
Katharine J. Head and Katherine E. Ridley-Merriweather

22 Health Information Seeking among Linguistically Diverse Populations in the United States 429
Christine Swoboda, Priti Singh, A. Susana Ramírez, and Naleef Fareed

23 Entertainment-Education as Linguistic Duality in Practice 445
Suruchi Sood and Rachael HaileSelasse

24 Graphic Medicine and Visual Communication Techniques for Public Health and Healthcare in Linguistically Diverse Settings 469
MK Czerwiec, Q. Jane Zhao, Isa Álvarez, and Pilar Ortega

25 Social Media and Health in Linguistically Diverse Communities: An Examination of Overlooked Populations and Understudied Platforms 493
Anna Gaysynsky, Kathryn Heley, and Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou

26 Urgent Communication During Public Health Crises: Reaching Linguistically Diverse Populations 511
Victoria Ledford, A. Susana Ramírez, and Xiaoli Nan

Glossary 533

Index 541