Missionaries in Persia

Christian Windler is Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Bern, Switzerland. He specializes in the social and cultural history of diplomacy, religious practices, and global entanglements from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. His publications include La diplomatie comme expérience de l’Autre: Consuls français au Maghreb (1700-1840) (2002), a pioneering study in new diplomatic history.Since the early 2000s, he has broadened his interest in cultural intermediaries by focusing on missionaries as cultural brokers and “glocal” actors.He has been principal investigator on several externally funded projects in new diplomatic history and in the history of religious practices in Europe and beyond.

List of Figures

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Glossary of Latin terms

Introduction

1. 1. The short arm of Rome: The Curia, superiors and missionaries
The Holy Office and the Congregation of the Propaganda Fide: Aspirations and obstacles to enforcing papal primacy
The Discalced Carmelites: Dysfunctional institutions and internalized discipline
Maintaining proximity from a distance
“Stepmother” or protectress? Missionaries and the Propaganda Fide

2. 2. In the shadow of the Shah: The Safavid Empire as an arena for Catholic mission
The European powers in the Safavid system of imperial rule
The Safavid practice of power, between inclusiveness and orthodoxy
Global actors: The Armenian merchants of New Julfa
Omens of conversion or Machiavellianism?

3. 3. Christian ‘ulama? Missionaries and Muslims
Missionaries at the Safavid court
Missionaries and Shi’a scholars
Medicine, the belief in miracles, and the administration of the sacraments
From social closeness to conversion to Islam

4. 4. Among “brethren,” “schismatics” or “heretics”? Missionaries and Armenians
Good correspondence and sacramental community with rediscovered “brethren”
“We do not need you”: New practices of confessional disambiguation
Accommodation and dissimulation


5. 5. As Christians among Muslims: Missionaries and European laypeople of different confessions
European laypeople in Isfahan and New Julfa
Missionaries among themselves
Transconfessional “good friendship and correspondence”
Shared religious practices in the diaspora

6. 6. Local interconnections and observance: The missionaries in conflict with the norms of their order
The Discalced Carmelites: Unsuited to mission?
Local social integration and observance
All-too worldly business
The mission as a world turned upside down: Justification strategies and cultural relativization

7. 7. Undesirable outcomes: From mission to Enlightenment?
Doctrinal disambiguation
Truth claims and limits to norm enforcement: The practice of avoiding decisions
Normative orders outside the Church
Conclusion

Sources and Bibliography

Index