Behavioral Neuroscience

Spilich, Behavioral Neuroscience, 1e

1 Evolution and Genetics

1.1 Human Origins

• The History of the Earth

• The Evolution of Mammals

• The Evolution of Primates

• The Evolution of Humans

Check It Out: Are You Part Neanderthal?

1.2 The Genetic Basis of Evolution

• Mendel and the Theory of Heritability

Try It Out: Mendelian Traits

• Modern Genetics

Think About It: Genetic Engineering

• Genetic Variation

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Doudna, Charpentier, and CRISPR-Cas9

1.3 Evolution and the Environment

• Natural Selection

• The Evolution of Color Vision

• Adaptations to Extreme Environments

Try It Out: Are You Ready to Climb Everest?

• Evolution and the Human Diet

1.4 The Evolution of Social Behavior

• Evidence for the Heritability of Behavior

• The Survival Benefits of Social Behavior

• The Biological Basis of Modern Behavior

Check It Out: What’s Your Ancestral Journey?

2 The Neuron and Action Potential

2.1 An Introduction to the Neuron

• An Overview of the Nervous System

• The Discovery of the Neuron

Check It Out: Staining a Neuron

2.2 The Structure of a Neuron

• Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• Neuron Components

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Mark Harnett and the Role of Dendrites

• Types of Neurons

Check It Out: Guillain-Barré Syndrome

2.3 Neural Transmission of a Signal

• Energy Produced Through Imbalances

• Ion Exchange

• The Sodium-Potassium Pump

Think About It: Disrupting the Sodium-Potassium Pump

• The Action Potential

• The All-or-None Law

2.4 White Matter, Gray Matter, and Glia

• White and Gray Matter

Think About It: White or Gray Matter?

• Glia

3 Synapses and Neurotransmitters

3.1 The Synapse

• The Presynaptic Mechanism

• The Postsynaptic Mechanism

• A Closer Look at Interneuron Communication

• Chemical versus Electrical Synapses

Check It Out: Electrical Synapses and Atrial Fibrillation

3.2 Receptors and Postsynaptic Effects

• Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors

• Downregulation and Upregulation

Think About It: How Upregulation Explains Nicotine Cravings

• Autoreceptors and Heteroreceptors

3.3 An Overview of Major Neurotransmitters

• Four Key Neurotransmitter Systems

Check It Out: The Sleepy Sickness Epidemic

• Other Neurotransmitters of Note

3.4 Disorders and Treatments Related to Neurotransmission

• Synaptopathies

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Dimitri Kullmann and the Silent Synapse

• Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction

• Drug Treatments Targeting Neurotransmission

4 The Nervous System

4.1 An Overview of the Nervous System

• Divisions of the Nervous System

• Gross Anatomy of the Brain

Check It Out: The Gross Anatomy of the Brain

• The Brainstem

• The Spinal Cord

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Nicholas Hatsopoulos and Spinal Cord Injury Repair

4.2 Major Structures and Support Systems of the CNS

• The Cerebral Cortex

• The Cerebellum

Check It Out: Comparing Sheep and Human Brains

• Essential Support Systems of the CNS

Check It Out: The Ventricular and Glymphatic Systems

4.3 Major Subcortical Processing Circuits

• The Corpus Callosum: Information Transfer

• The Thalamus and Hypothalamus: Integration and Regulation

• The Limbic System: Emotion and Memory

• The Basal Ganglia: Initiation and Control of Movement

Check It Out: Delgado’s Bull

4.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

• Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

• The Neuromuscular Junction

Think About It: Myasthenia Gravis and the Neuromuscular Junction

• The Cranial Nerves

5 Vision

5.1 An Introduction to Vision

• The Physics of Light

• The Architecture of the Human Eye

• How the Focal Plane Affects Our Vision

• Measuring Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity

Try It Out: The Landolt C Task

• The Visual Processing Stream

5.2 The Retina

• Photoreceptors

• Retinal Processing Beyond Rods and Cones

Check It Out: Peeking into the Retina Through OCT

5.3 The Subcortical Centers

• The Geniculostriate Pathway

Check It Out: The Eye of the Batter

• The Tectopulvinar Pathway

• Damage to the Visual Stream

5.4 The Visual Cortex

• The Primary Visual Cortex

• Processing in the Visual Cortex

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Margaret Wong-Riley and the PVC

• The Extrastriate Cortex

Check It Out: Motion Aftereffects

• The Ventral and Dorsal Streams

5.5 Color Vision

• The Trichromatic Theory

• Color Vision Abnormalities

• Color Sensitivity Across the Visual Spectrum

Think About It: Safety and Color Vision

• The Opponent Process Theory

Try It Out: The Checkerboard Illusion

6 Audition, Chemosenses, and Cutaneous Senses

6.1 Audition: Hearing and the Ear

• The Physics of Sound

Try It Out: Test the Limits of Your Hearing

• The Anatomy of the Ear

• Transmission of Sound Waves Through the Ear

• Addressing Hearing Deficits

Check It Out: Experience a Hearing Deficit and a Cochlear Implant

6.2 Auditory Processing and the Vestibular System

• Auditory Processing in the Brain

• Amplitude and Frequency Coding

Think About It: Auditory Sensitivity and Age

• Auditory Localization

Try It Out: Experience Auditory Localization

• The Vestibular System

6.3 The Chemosenses: Olfaction

• The Anatomy and Physiology of Olfaction

• Olfactory Receptors

• Individual Differences in Olfaction

Check It Out: Conversation with an Anosmic

6.4 The Chemosenses: Gustation

• The Anatomy and Physiology of Taste

• Taste Receptors

Try It Out: Are You a Picky Eater?

• Individual Differences in Taste

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Linda Bartoshuk and Supertasters

6.5 The Cutaneous Senses

• Pressure and Vibration

Check It Out: Global Kinesthetic Deficit

• Pain

7 Homeostatic Regulation of the Internal Environment

7.1 An Overview of Homeostasis

• Balance and Change in the Body

• Feedback Systems

Try It Out: Negative Feedback Systems in Nature and Technology

7.2 Homeostatic Regulation of Temperature

• Ectothermic versus Endothermic Thermoregulation

• The Neural Basis of Thermoregulation

• Hyperthermia and Hypothermia

Think About It: Avoiding Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

7.3 Homeostatic Regulation of Fluids Through Thirst

• Volumetric Thirst and the Renin-Angiotensin System

• Osmotic Thirst and Cellular Sodium Concentration

• Disorders Related to Fluid Imbalance

Try It Out: Recognizing the Dangers of Fluid Imbalance

7.4 Homeostatic Regulation of Hunger and Satiety

• The Gastrointestinal Tract

• The Neural Basis of Hunger and Satiety

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Philip Teitelbaum and the Motivation to Eat

• Hormonal Regulation of Hunger

• Hormonal Regulation of Satiety

7.5 Disorders of Hunger and Satiety

• Obesity

Try It Out: Measure Your BMI

• Prader-Willi Syndrome

• Anorexia Nervosa

• The Challenges of Treating Disordered Eating

8 The Endocrine System

8.1 An Introduction to the Endocrine System

• The Discovery of Hormones as Messengers

• Comparing the Endocrine and Nervous Systems

Try It Out: Fast- and Slow-Response Systems

• Glands and Hormones

• Negative Feedback and Endocrine Function

8.2 Endocrine Glands in the CNS

• The Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Pineal Gland

• Pituitary Hormones

• Endocrine Regulation of Growth

Think About It: Synthetic Growth Hormone Use and Abuse

8.3 Endocrine Glands in the Periphery

• The Thymus and Thyroid

• The Pancreas and Glucoregulation

Check It Out: Glucoregulation

Think About It: Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

• The Adrenal Glands and Stress

• The Gonads and Sexual Development

8.4 The Stress Response

• The HPA Axis

• The General Adaptational Syndrome

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Carrie Hill Kennedy and PTSD

9 Reward, Addiction, and Psychopharmacology

9.1 The Biological Basis for Reward

• Discovering the Biological Basis for Reward

Think About It: The Ethics of Deep Brain Stimulation

• Reward Centers in the Brain

• The Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Pathways

• The Reward Circuit and Human Behavior

9.2 Addiction as Dysfunction of the Reward Circuit

• The Genetic Basis for Addiction

• Substance Abuse Disorders

Try It Out: Diagnosing Addictive Behavior

• Risk Factors for Addiction

• Treatments for Addiction

9.3 The Essentials of Psychopharmacology

• How Drugs Enter the Body

• Pharmacodynamics

Think About It: Behavioral Tolerance and Drug Overdoses

• Pharmacokinetics

9.4 Intoxicants

• Alcohol

Check It Out: Effects of Alcohol on Visual Search

• Opioids

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Candace Pert and Opioid Receptors

• Marijuana

9.5 Stimulants and Other Commonly Abused Drugs

• Nicotine

• Caffeine

Think About It: Do We Abuse Caffeine?

• Other Commonly Abused Drugs

10 Sexual Reproduction and Behavior

10.1 An Overview of Sex and Reproduction

• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual Dimorphism

• Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Sex versus Gender

Try It Out: Sex Roles and Gender Roles

10.2 Prenatal Sexual Organization

• Genetic Influences on Biological Sex

• Sexual Differentiation in Utero

• Hormonal Influences on Prenatal Sexual Development

Try It Out: The D2:D4 Ratio

10.3 The HPG Axis and Life-Span Sexual Development

• Puberty

Think About It: Environmental Effects on Puberty Onset

• Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle

• Hormonal Activation of Parental Behavior

• Sexuality and Aging

10.4 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviors

• The Human Sexual Response

• Sexual Orientation

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Simon LeVay and the Neural Basis of Sexual Orientation

• The Biological Basis of Attraction

Check It Out: Are Average Faces More Attractive?

11 Neurodevelopment Across the Life Span

11.1 Prenatal Development of Brain Structures

• Embryonic Neurodevelopment

Think About It: Developing Brains at Risk

• Fetal Neurodevelopment

11.2 Prenatal Neurodevelopment at the Cellular Level

• Neurodevelopment as an Organizational Process

Check It Out: Visualizing Neuromigration

• Guidance for Neuromigration

11.3 Postnatal Neurodevelopment

• Environmental Influences on Postnatal Neurodevelopment

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Marian Diamond and Neuroplasticity

• The Adolescent Brain

Try It Out: Are You a Risk Taker?

• The Aging Brain

11.4 Neurodevelopmental Disorders

• Defects in Neurulation

Check It Out: Spina Bifida

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Williams Syndrome

• Schizophrenia

12 Learning and Conditioning

12.1 Classical Conditioning

• Innate versus Learned Behavior

Check It Out: Experience Conditioning

• Pavlov and the Discovery of Classical Conditioning

Try It Out: Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life

• Watson and the Little Albert Experiment

• Conditioned Taste Aversion

12.2 Operant Conditioning

• The Discovery of Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement and Punishment

Try It Out: Turning Vices into Virtues

• Conditioning Phenomena

• Reinforcement Schedules

Try It Out: Operant Conditioning in Everyday Life

12.3 Learning and the Brain

• Where Memory Is Stored

• The Neuronal Basis of Learning

• Long-Term Potentiation

Check It Out: Long-Term Potentiation

• NMDA and AMPA Receptors

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Karl Deisseroth and Optogenetics

13 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms

13.1 The Mystery of Sleep

• Evolutionary Patterns of Sleep

Think About It: Has Civilization Changed How We Sleep?

• The Purpose of Sleep

13.2 Sleep Stages and Dreaming

• The Study of Sleep

• The Stages of Sleep

Try It Out: What’s Your Sleep IQ?

• Dreaming

Try It Out: Are You a Lucid Dreamer?

13.3 The Biological Basis of Sleep

• Sensory Stimulation and Sleep

• The Reticular Activating System and Sleep

• The Brainstem, Hypothalamus, and Sleep

• Neurotransmitters and Sleep

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Gina Poe and the Role of Sleep in Memory

13.4 Sleep Disruptions

• Drugs and Sleep

• Sleep Disorders

Think About It: Sleep Insufficiency

13.5 Circadian Rhythms

• Melatonin and the Sleep–Wake Cycle

• The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

• When Diurnal and Circadian Rhythms are Mismatched

Try It Out: The Dangers of Microsleep

14 Language, Music, and the Brain

14.1 The Evolution of Human Language

• Communication in the Animal Kingdom

Check It Out: The McGurk Effect

• The FOXP2 Gene

• Evidence for Speech in our Ancestry

14.2 The Neural Basis of Language

• The Discovery of Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas

• The Geschwind–Wernicke Model of Language

• The Two-Circuit Model of Language

• Contributions of the Right and Left Hemispheres

Try It Out: The Dichotic Listening Task

14.3 The Neural Basis of Reading and Writing

• The Invention of Reading and Writing

• Reading Processes

• Eye Movements and Reading

• Reading and Writing Disorders

Check It Out: Reading Through the Eyes of a Dyslexic

14.4 The Neural Basis of Music

• The Evolutionary Basis of Music

Think About It: Williams Syndrome

• Characteristics of Music

• Music Processing in the Brain

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Isabelle Peretz and Neural Processing of Music

Try It Out: Test Your Own Tone Discrimination

15 Cognitive Neuroscience

15.1 Memory

• The Three-Store Model of Memory

• Sensory Memory

Try It Out: Experience Echoic Memory

• Working Memory

Try It Out: Measure Your Working Memory

• Long-Term Memory

• Amnesia

Think About It: A Life Lived Moment by Moment

15.2 Attention

• Aspects of Attention

• The Neural Basis of Attention

Check It Out: Change Blindness

• Hemineglect

Think About It: Why Do Actors Enter from Stage Left?

15.3 Object Recognition

• Visual Object Recognition

• Challenges to Object Recognition

• Visual Agnosia

• Prosopagnosia

Check It Out: What Is It Like to Be Faceblind?

15.4 Executive Function

• Aspects of Executive Function

• The Neural Basis of Executive Function

• Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Marie Banich and Executive Function

• Evaluating Executive Function

Try It Out: The Stroop Task

• Psychosurgery as a Treatment for Executive Dysfunction

Think About It: Moniz, Psychosurgery, and the Lobotomy

15.5 Hemispheric Specialization

• Anatomical Differences Between the Hemispheres

• Sperry and the Split-Brain Procedure

Check It Out: Do We Have Two Brains?

• The Mystery of Left-Handedness

Try It Out: Are You Right- or Left-Handed?

16 Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders

16.1 Mood Disorders

• An Overview of Depression

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Avshalom Caspi and the Genetic Basis of Depression

• The Neural Basis of Depression

• Treatment of Depression

• Bipolar Disorder

16.2 Anxiety Disorders

• General Anxiety Disorder

• Panic Disorder

• Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Think About It: OCD, Compulsions, and Rituals

16.3 Consciousness Disorders

• Schizophrenia

Think About It: The Cost of Schizophrenia

• Delusions of Identity

16.4 Neurological Disorders

• Bacterial and Viral Infections

• Cerebrovascular Accidents

Think About It: The Facts About Stroke

• Traumatic Brain Injury

Try It Out: Concussions and Cognition

• Dementia

• Movement Disorders

Check It Out: Understanding Tourette’s Syndrome

17 Social Neuroscience

17.1 Emotions

• Defining Emotion

• The Evolutionary Basis of Emotions

Advances in Behavioral Neuroscience: Leda Cosmides and Evolutionary Psychology

• Theories of Emotions

• The Neural Basis of Emotions

17.2 Communicating Internal States

• Facial Expressions

Try It Out: Cultural Differences in Emotional Expressions

• Social and Duchenne Smiles

Check It Out: What’s in a Smile

• Deception as an Adaptive Strategy

Check It Out: Can You Tell the Truth from a Lie?

• Theory of Mind

17.3 Beauty and Attraction

• External tells for Health and Reproductive Fitness

• Ovulation and Attractiveness

• Hormonal Influences on Pair Bonding

17.4 Human Social Networks

• Evolutionary Advantages of Group Membership

• Signaling Group Membership

• Ingroups and Outgroups

• Prejudice and Stereotypes

Think About It: The Implicit Association Test

17.5 Asperger’s Syndrome and Emotional Blindness

• Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Difficulties in Processing Emotional Cues

Check It Out: Lindsay’s Social World

• The Neurology of Asperger’s Syndrome