Disciplinary Rituals in Dunhuang Buddhism

Zhan Ru is a Professor in Peking University’s School of Foreign Languages and vice president of the Peking University Orientalism Research Institute. His areas of research include Buddhist and Buddhist literature, the Indian Ministry of Buddhism, Dunhuang Buddhism, and the Buddhist system.

List of Figures

Conventions



1 Introduction

 1.1 History of Indian Buddhist Vinaya Studies

 1.2 History of Chinese Buddhist Vinaya Studies

 1.3 A History of the Studies of the Disciplinary Rituals of Dunhuang Buddhism



2 The Organization and Character of Dunhuang’s Buddhist Temples, Meditation Caves, and Araṇya

 2.1 Preamble

 2.2 Early Monastic Regulations in China

 2.3 Administrators (Gangguan 綱管) of Dunhuang Monasteries

 2.4 The Organizational Structure of the Three Meditation Caves

 2.5 The Principle of Dhūta (Austerities) and Its Social Function Reflected in Dunhuang’s Araṇya

 2.6 Characteristics of Dunhuang’s Buddhist Temples



3 Evolution of the Ordination Platform and Dunhuang’s Fangdeng Daochang 方等道場 (Vaipulya Ordination Platform)

 3.1 Preamble

 3.2 The Origins and Formation of the Ordination Platform

 3.3 Transformation of the Ordination Platform

 3.4 Dunhuang’s Fangdeng Ordination Platforms and Lintan Dade 臨壇大德 (Ordination Platform Presiders of Great Virtue)

 3.5 Concluding Remarks



4 Research on Dunhuang’s Precept Certificates, Rites for Conferring Precepts, and Ordination Licenses

 4.1 Preamble

 4.2 The Contents of the Baguan Zhai 八關齋 (Eightfold Purificatory Observance) and Their Receipt and Upholding

 4.3 Protocols for the Rites of Conferral and Receipt of the Baguan Zhai

 4.4 The Composition and Characteristics of Dunhuang’s Baguan Zhai Certificates

 4.5 Translation and Circulation of Scriptures on the Bodhisattva Precepts

 4.6 Ritual Procedures for the Conferring and Receiving of Bodhisattva Precepts

 4.7 Certificates for Bodhisattva Precepts

 4.8 Ordination Licenses



5 A New Investigation of Upavasatha Texts and Upavasatha Procedures

 5.1 Origins

 5.2 Prātimokṣa and Upavasatha in Sectarian Buddhism

 5.3 Upavasatha Texts and Upavasatha Procedures in Dunhuang Buddhism

 5.4 Concluding Remarks



6 Examination of the Dunhuang Summer Retreat

 6.1 Preamble

 6.2 The Vinaya Piṭaka ‘Retreat Khandhaka’ and the Form of Retreat in Early Buddhism

 6.3 Summer Retreat and Winter Retreat in Dunhuang Buddhism

 6.4 Concluding Remarks



7 Stotra (Hymns) in Pure Land Teachings at Dunhuang

 7.1 Zanwen 讚文 (Extolment), Jizan 偈讚 (Extol Verse) and the Pure Land Extolment Texts

 7.2 Research on Extolment Verses of Pure Land Teachings

 7.3 Concluding Remarks



8 Analysis of Dunhuang Zhaiwen, Zhai Gatherings, and Dharma Gatherings

 8.1 Presenting the Problematic

 8.2 The Origins and Evolution of Zhai 齋

 8.3 Zhai Gatherings and Folk Beliefs in the Tang and Five Dynasties

 8.4 Dunhuang Zhaiwen

 8.5 Zhai Wanwen 齋琬文 (Zhai Model Texts) and Buddhist Procedures

 8.6 Zhai Gatherings in Dunhuang

 8.7 Dunhuang Zhai Gatherings and Folk Beliefs

 8.8 Dunhuang Wuzhe (Non-Obstructing) Great Gatherings



9 General Conclusion

 9.1 Features of Dunhuang Buddhist Communities

 9.2 Disciplinary Rituals and the State Control

 9.3 Multi-Facetted Beliefs about the Pure Land in Dunhuang

 9.4 Formation of Dunhuang Buddhist Rituals



Appendix 1: Translations of Dunhuang Manuscripts and Inscriptions

 Appendix 2: Charts and Lists

Bibliography

Index