A Survey of Modern English

Preface Abbreviations, list of maps and figures Introduction Part I: English as a linguistic system Chapter One: Vocabulary; 1.1. Changes in Vocabulary 1.2. Words and Meaning 1.3. The Origin and Frequency of Words 1.4. Word Fields 1.5. Euphemisms and Word-Formation 1.6. New Meanings 1.7. Further Reading; Chapter Two: Words in Combination; 2.1. Cliches and Fixed Expressions 2.2. Pragmatic Idioms 2.3. Collocation 2.4. Binomials 2.5. Idioms 2.6. Proverbs and Commonplaces 2.7 Fixed Expressions in Texts 2.8. Further Reading; Chapter Three: The Pronunciation and Spelling of English 3.1 The Phonology of English 3.2 Segmental Sounds 3.3 The Consonants 3.4 The Vowels 3.5 Suprasegmentals 3.6 The Orthography 3.7 Further Reading; Chapter Four: Grammar 4.1 Word Classes 4.2 Functional Phases 4.3 Functional Sentence Elements 4.4 The Verb Phase (VP) 4.5 Nominalisation 4.6 catenation 4.8 The Clause 4.9 Further Reading; Part II: Users and use of English Chapter Five: Dialects and Diatypes 5.1 The Register Approach 5.2 Dialects 5.3 Diatypes 5.4 Further Reading; Chapter Six: Lects:Language and Gender 6.1 Language as Used by Males and Females 6.2 Communicative Strategies 6.3 Language Acquisition and Development 6.4 Nonverbal Behaviour 6.5 Explanations 6.6 Further Reading; Chapter Seven: Medium: Spoken Discourse 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 Meaning 7.3 Conversational Interaction 7.4 Turns, Schemata and Topics 7.5 Discourse Markers 7.6 Further Reading; Chapter Eight: Functional Tenor and Medium: Written Texts and ESP 8.1 Textuality 8.2 Cohesion and Coherence 8.3 A Typology of Texts 8.4 Application: An Example 8.5 Special Englishes and the REgister Model 8.6 Syntactic Features of EST 8.7 The Lexicon of EST and Word Formation 8.8 The EST Text 8.9 Further Reading; Chapter Nine: Personal Tenor: 9.1 Style 9.2 Hard Words 9.3 Modes of Address 9.4 Further Reading; Part III: National and regional varieties of English Chapter Ten: English in the British Isles 10.1 England and Wales 10.2 Scotland 10.3 Ireland 10.4 Urban British English 10.5 Further Reading; Chapter Eleven: Standards: Comparing AmE and BrE 11.1 Pronunciation 11.2 Spelling and Pronunciation 11.3 Grammar and Morphology 11.4 Lexis 11.5 Further Reading; Chapter Twelve: English in America 12.1 The :Languages of the United States and Canada 12.2 Regional Varieties of AmE 12.3 Social Variation in AmE 12.4 ethnic Varieties of AmE 12.5 English in the Caribbean 12.6 Further Reading; Chapter Thirteen: English in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa 13.1 Australian English (AusE) 13.2 New Zealand England (NZE) 13.3 South African English (SAE) 13.4 Further Reading; Chapter Fourteen: English as a Second Language 14.1 English West and East Africa 14.2 English in Asia 14.3 The "New Englishes": Pidgin and Creole English 14.4 Further Reading Bibliography Index