Instruments of Peacemaking 1870-1914

Michael Reynolds is Visiting Senior Research Fellow in the Department of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.

Introduction: A Utopian Dream?
1. Approaches to International Dispute Resolution
I. Resolving Disputes between States: Influences on Policy Making
II. The Nineteenth Century Approach
III. Approach to Arbitration

2. The Geneva Arbitration
I. The Anglo-American Relationship 1782–1861
II. How the Claims Arose
III. The Diplomatic Negotiations Regarding the Treaty of Washington and the Tribunal’s Terms of Reference,
the Arguments of the Parties
IV. The Claims
V. Constitution of the Tribunal and the Proceedings
VI. The Case of the United States
VII. The Case of Britain
VIII. Final Award of the Arbitrators
IX. Sir Alexander Cockburn’s Dissenting Award
X. The Foreign Enlistment Act 1819
XI. Results of the Arbitration and Effect
XII. Diplomatic Reflections on the American Civil War
XIII. Lessons of the Geneva Arbitration

3. Forms of Dispute Resolution as Instruments of Prevention: Part I
I. The Behring Sea Arbitration
II. The Anglo-Venezuela Arbitration

4. Forms of Dispute Resolution as Instruments of Prevention: Part II
I. The Pious Fund Case
II. The Dogger Bank Inquiry
III. The Panama Canal Dispute
IV. The Casablanca Case

5. Towards a Code of International Arbitration: Instruments of Peace and Diplomacy
I. Evolution of an International Law to Resolve Disputes between States
II. Anglo-American Treaty Discussions
III. The Influence of American Jurists
IV. The Hague Conference and Convention 1899
V. An International Court of Arbitration
VI. The Inquiry Process
VII. The Permanent Court of Arbitration
VIII. Second Hague Peace Conference
IX. Conclusions on the Hague Conferences

6. Diplomacy as an Instrument of Prevention
I. The Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty
II. Entente Diplomacy and the Moroccan Crises
III. The Balkan Crisis 1912–13: Ambassadorial Consultations

7. When ‘National Honour’ Led to War
I. The Utility of International Arbitration in the Context of the World Crisis of 1914
II. Sir Edward Grey
III. The Diplomatic Counterpoise
IV. Could a Dispute Process Have Stopped the Descent into War?
V. Danger of Civil War in Ireland
VI. The Predicament of Russia
VII. The British Interest
VIII. Russian Mobilisation
IX. British Neutrality
X. Decision for War
XI. National Honour: The Diplomatic Counterfactual