The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI, PHD, was professor of psychology at Indiana University Southeast where he taught classes on personality psychology and introductory psychology for 37 years, and was director of the IU Southeast Shyness Research Institute. He authored several books on shyness, including The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk: How to Talk to Anyone Anytime Anywhere About Anything and Shyness: A Bold New Approach. His text, Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications, is currently in its third edition.

CHRISTOPHER S. NAVE, PHD, is the Managing Director of the interdisciplinary Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences program at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include multi-method design, behavioral observation, personality stability, personality judgment and well-being. His publications have appeared in top academic journals and handbooks and have been featured in the popular press.

Volume 1

Contributor Biographies ix


Gordon Allport 1


Roy F. Baumeister 11


Jack Block 17


David M. Buss 21


Paul T. Costa Jr. 25


Robert McCrae 29


Ed Diener 35


Erik H. Erikson 45


Hans J. Eysenck 51


David Funder 57


Lewis R. Goldberg 63


Karen Horney 67


Carl Jung 73


Abraham H. Maslow 79


Dan McAdams 83


Walter Mischel 89


Carl Rogers 95


George Kelly 101


Agreeableness 105


Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111


Animal Personalities 117


Conscientiousness 123


Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129


Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135


Interpersonal Circumplex 141


Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147


Delay of Gratification 153


Extraversion - Introversion 159


Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165


Emotional Intelligence 173


Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development 179


Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185


Psychoticism 199


Five Factor Model, Facets of 203


Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209


Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215


Gene-environment Interaction 221


Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225


Grit 231


Hedonic Adaptation 237


Heritability 243


HEXACO Model of Personality 249


Independent/Interdependent Self 257


Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263


Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 269


Meaning in Life 275


Neuroticism 281


Narrative Approach 287


Openness 293


Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299


Personal Projects 305


Personality and Language 311


Personality Stability and Change over Time 317


Personality in Culture 323


Personality Stability over Time 329


Priming 335


Realistic Accuracy Model 341


Rejection Sensitivity 351


Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357


Schemas, Theory of 363


Self-Determination Theory 369


Self-efficacy Theory 375


Self-esteem, Theory of 381


Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387


Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393


Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397


Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401


Terror Management Theory 407


Trait Theory of Allport 413


Whole Trait Theory 417


Index 423

Volume 2

Contributor Biographies xi


Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Research: General Concerns and Considerations 1


Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of 13


Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research 19


Longitudinal Research 25


Person-Situation Interactions 31


Researcher Biases 37


Unconscious Processes 43


Cognitive Methods in Personality Research 49


Experimental Approaches 55


Historiometry 61


Internet Research in Personality 67


Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 73


Personal Narratives 79


Personality Development Across the Lifespan 85


Personality in Non-Humans 91


Physical and Virtual Spaces 97


Psychobiography and Case Study Methods 103


Factor Analysis in Personality Research 109


Meta-analysis in Personality Research 113


Multiple Regression in Personality Research 119


Path Analysis in Personality Research 125


Size Effects in Personality Research 131


Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research 137


Acculturation Considerations in Personality Assessment 143


Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) 149


Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing 153


Item Analysis 159


Reliability, Issues of 165


Issues of Response Styles 169


Responsibilities of Testing Professionals 175


Rights of Test-takers 181


Validity, Issues of 187


Aggressiveness, Assessment of 191


Anger and Hostility, Assessment of 197


Anxiety, Assessment of 203


Jealousy, Assessment of 209


Love and Attraction, Assessment of 215


Masculinity and Femininity 219


Narcissism, Assessment of 225


Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of 231


Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of 237


Self-Esteem, Assessment of 243


Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Assessment of 249


Self-regulation, Assessment of 255


Self-consciousness, Assessment of 261


Subjective Well-being, Assessment of 267


California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 273


Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) 279


Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised 283


Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) 287


Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 293


Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 309


Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 315


Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) 321


Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) 325


Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) 329


Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) 335


Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) 351


Projective Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 357


Assessing Implicit Motives 363


The Rorschach Test 367


Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) 377


Thematic Apperception Test 381


Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Techniques 387


Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Methodological Issues 393


Biochemical Assessment 397


Human Genome Project and Personality 403


Model Fitting 409


Twin Studies in Personality Research 415


Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 421


Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Children 427


Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive-Self-Report Assessment Techniques 433


Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques 439


Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues 447


Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition 451


Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) 457


Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 465


Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 473


Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of 477


Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues 483


Assessment of Antisocial Behavior 487


Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Assessment of 493


Cognitive Aging, Assessment of 499


Creativity, Assessment of 503


Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) 509


Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of 513


Genius, Assessment of 519


Mental Competency, Assessment of 523


The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) 529


Anne Anastasi 533


Jens B. Asendorpf 543


James N. Butcher 547


Charles S. Carver 553


Lee J. Cronbach 557


Turhan Canli 563


Philip J. Corr 569


John M. (Jack) Digman 573


John E. Exner, Jr. 577


Oliver P. John 581


Henry A. Murray 587


Jack A. Naglieri 597


Warren T. Norman 601


William Revelle 605


Michael F. Scheier 611


Mark Snyder 617


David Wechsler 621


Index 625

Volume 3



Contributor Biographies xi


Adaptability 1


Aggression, Personality Correlates 7


Altruism 13


Alexithymia 19


Androgyny, Expression of 25


Anger 31


Anxiety 37


Authoritarianism 43


Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation 49


Big Five Model of Personality 55


Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement 61


Compassion 67


Compulsive Personality 73


Coping 79


Core Self-Evaluation 83


Creativity 89


Culture and Personality 95


Dark Triad 101


Decisional Styles 107


Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives 113


Depression 119


Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM-5 125


Empathy, Personality Correlates of 131


Emotional Competence 137


Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Correlates of 143


Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Mate Selection 149


Eysenck Giant Three 155


Extraversion, Personality Correlates of 161


Flow 167


Gender Differences in Aggression 173


Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Women 179


Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence 185


Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being 191


General Personality Factor 195


Genetic Basis of Personality 201


Gene-Environment Interaction 207


Genius, Personality Correlates of 211


Guilt 217


Health and Personality 221


Honesty 227


Hopelessness 231


Hostility, Personality Correlates of 237


Impulsivity 243


Intuition 249


Policy Researcher and Educator: Originally it was Independent Researcher and Policy Analyst 255


Judgments of Personality 261


Learned Helplessness 269


Life Satisfaction 275


Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of 281


Loneliness 287


Mindfulness 293


Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) 299


Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of 305


Obsessive Personality 311


Optimism and Pessimism: Conceptualization, Personality Correlates, and Contextual Considerations 317


Perfectionism 323


Persistence, Personality Correlates 329


Personality Development 335


Phobia 339


Positive Self-capital 345


Psychopathy 351


Religiosity 357


Risk Taking 363


Self-concept, Expressions of the 369


Self-control 375


Self-construal 381


Self-efficacy 387


Self-efficacy, Career 393


Self-esteem, Expressions of 399


Self-regulation 405


Sensation Seeking 411


Shyness 417


16PF, Correlates of 423


Social Desirability 429


Social Intelligence 435


Temperament, Personality Correlates of 439


Test Anxiety 445


Trauma 451


Trustworthiness 457


Twin Studies and Personality 461


Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Process 465


Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 469


Jeffrey A. Gray 473


Douglas N. Jackson 479


John F. Kihlstrom 483


Salvatore R. Maddi 489


Julie K. Norem 493


Robert J. Plomin 497


Julian B. Rotter 501


Mark Savickas 505


Dean Keith Simonton 511


Marvin Zuckerman 517


Raymond B. Cattell 521


Index 529

Volume 4

Contributor Biographies xi


Clinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Personality 1


Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Personality 19


Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Personality 27


Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Personality 37


Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder 55


Personality and Depression 61


Dissociative Disorders 67


Autism Spectrum Disorder 75


Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD) 81


Borderline Personality Disorder 89


Antisocial Personality Disorder 97


Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 103


Narcissistic Personality Disorder 109


Schizotypal Personality Disorder 115


Avoidant Personality Disorder 121


Sadism and Masochism 127


Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology 133


Eating Disorders 139


Neuropsychiatric Disorders 145


Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 151


Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders 157


Pain and Personality 163


Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions 169


Paranoid Personality Disorder 175


Schizoid Personality Disorder 181


Histrionic Personality Disorder 187


Dependent Personality Disorder 193


Individual Differences in Acculturation 199


Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism 205


Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism 209


Monocultural versus Multicultural 215


Biculturalism 221


Biracial and Multiracial Individuals 227


Social Class 233


Cultural Encapsulation 239


Machismo 243


Marianismo 247


Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) 253


Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression 257


Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy 263


Cultural Intelligence 269


Personality and Prejudice 275


Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality 281


Individualism vs. Collectivism 287


Personality and Geography 299


Personality Psychology in Japan 305


Personality Psychology in Africa 311


Personality Psychology in China 317


Personality Psychology in Central and South America 323


Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective 329


Tiger Mother 335


Native Hawaiian Personality 341


Personality and Aging 347


Personality and Longevity 353


Personality and Health 359


Personality and Well-being 365


Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities 371


Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 377


Type A/B Personalities 383


Personality and Cancer 387


Resiliency and Hardiness 393


Personality and Risk-Seeking 399


Personality and Suicide 405


Burnout 411


Religiosity and Spirituality 417


Personality and Positive Psychology 423


Hope 429


Forgiveness 435


Gratitude 441


Personality and Volunteerism 447


Morning vs. Night People 453


Diversity in Work Teams 459


Creativity in the Workplace 465


Individual Differences in Creativity 471


Individual Differences in Employee Performance 479


Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace 485


Personality and Leadership 491


Leadership Styles 499


Character and Leadership 505


Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection 511


Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace 517


Bullying and Personality 523


Social Skills in the Workplace 527


Personality and Workplace Deviance 533


Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Behavior 539


Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset 545


Flow 551


Personality in Military Settings 557


Personality and Educational Outcomes 563


Personality and Law Enforcement 569


Personality and Forensic Psychology 575


Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis 581


Marketing and Personality 587


Personality, Interests, and Careers 593


Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior 599


Friedman, Howard 605


Furnham, Adrian Frank 609


Hogan, Robert 615


Holland, John 621


Matarazzo, Joseph D. 627


McClelland, David C. 631


Beck, Aaron T. 637


Seligman, Martin E. P. 643


Spielberger, Charles 649


Clark, Kenneth and Mamie 655


Helms, Janet E. 661


Hofstede Geert 667


Reginald Jones 673


McIntosh, Peggy 679


Root, Maria Primitiva Paz 685


Sue, Derald Wing 689


Triandis, Harry C 695


Trimble, Joseph Everett 701


White, Joseph L 705


Jones, James M 709


Index 713