Seeing, Knowing, and Doing

Robert Audi is internationally known for writing and speaking in epistemology, philosophy of mind and action, ethics (including political philosophy), and philosophy of religion. In epistemology, perception, the a priori, memory, testimony, and, the relation of all these to rationality, justification, and knowledge are among his central interests. In philosophy of mind and action, he has written on intention, reasons, practical reasoning, and rational action. In ethics, his research has focused on moral epistemology, moral psychology, value theory, and, in applied ethics, business, medical, and journalistic ethics. His work in philosophy of religion has centered on faith and reason, the problem of evil, and religion and politics. He is the author of Rational Belief (OUP 2015), Moral Perception (Princeton 2013), and Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 3rd ed. (Routledge 2010).

Preface and acknowledgments
Introduction

Part One: Perception
Chapter 1 Perception and Perceptual Belief:
Seeing and Knowing the Physical World
I. Perception Broadly Conceived
II. Four Structurally Distinct Cases of Perception
III. The Representational Character of Perception

Chapter 2 Dimensions of Perceptual Content
I. Three Categories of Perceptual Content
II. Singular Reference and the Possible Role of Russellian Propositions
III. Perception and Belief: Cognitive and Conceptual Aspects

Chapter 3 Perceptual Levels and their Action-Theoretic Counterparts
I. Perception and Action: the Structural Analogy
II. Constitutive Elements in the Visual Perception of Physical Objects
III. Awareness of Events and Abstract Entities
IV. The Epistemological Significance of Perceptual Levels
V. Is Perception Theory-laden?
VI. The Importance of "Background Beliefs" and Perceptual Levels
VII. Aspectual Perception, Inference, and Recognition

Chapter 4 Perception as a Source of Knowledge and Justification
I. Perceptual Knowledge
II. The Hierarchical Character of Perception
III. Perceptual Justification: External and Internal Dimensions
IV. The Perceptibility of Normative Properties

Chapter 5 Reasons, Perceptual Grounds, and Normative Explanation
I. The Diversity of Reasons for Belief
II. Reasons as Distinguished from Grounds
III. Reasons and Grounds for Belief: The Practical Analogy
IV. Reasons as Explanations
V. Normative Reasons and their Grounds

Chapter 6 The Autonomy of Justification
I. Epistemological Internalism
II. Does Knowledge Entail Justification?
III. The Practice-Relativity of Justification
IV. An Integrated View of Knowledge and Justification
V. The Disjunctivist Challenge
VI. The Elusive Notion of the Content of Perceptual Belief
VII. Perception and Singular Reference

Part Two: Perception and the A Priori
Chapter 7 Perception, Intuition, and Apprehension
I. Perception and Intuition
II. Structural Parallels between Intuitional and Perceptional Discourse
III. Intuitions as Evidential Cognitions: Two Intuitionist Traditions
IV. Intuitions as Apprehensions

Chapter 8 Toward a Theory of the A Priori
I. The Concept of Self-Evidence
II. Understanding as Central for Knowledge of the Self-evident
III. Understanding and Imagination
IV. Major Elements in the Understanding of Propositions
V. Degrees of Understanding and Propositional Justification
VI. Comprehensional Adequacy
VII. Obstacles to Comprehension

Chapter 9 Apriority, Disputability, and Necessity
I. Self-Evidence and Provability
II. Can Rational Disagreement Extend to the Self-Evident?
III. The Self-Evident, the Obvious, and the Credible
IV. Apprehension of Abstract Entities
V. Apriority and Necessity

Part Three: Practical Knowledge
Chapter 10 Knowledge, Belief, and Action
I. Belief and Action
II. Two Orders of Cognitive Disposition
III. Belief and Knowledge, Intention and Action

Chapter 11 Knowing, Reasoning, and Doing
I. Intellectualism as a Perspective on Action
II. Practical Knowledge and Knowledge of the Practical
III. Virtual Knowledge: A Neglected Category
IV. The Place of Knowledge in Practical Reasoning

Chapter 12 Inference and Its Role in Rational Action
I. Inference and Inferential Belief
II. Inference, Reasoning, and Premise-Based Belief-Formation
III. Reasoning and Rational Action
IV. The Scope of Rational Action
V. Intentionality, Knowledge, and Agency

Conclusion