Russian Economic Development over Three Centuries (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 8
List of Contributors 12
Abbreviations 13
List of Figures 15
List of Tables 26
Chapter 1: Introduction 29
1.1 Purpose of the Book 29
1.2 Territorial Transformation 31
1.3 Structure of the Book 39
1.4 Analytical Examples Using the Results of the Book and Related Data 45
1.5 Remaining Tasks 66
References 67
Chapter 2: Characteristics and Development of State Statistics 70
2.1 Introduction 70
2.2 State Statistics in the Russian Empire 71
2.3 State Statistics in the Soviet Union 74
2.3.1 Early Period of the Soviet Union (1917 to the 1920s) 75
2.3.2 Stalin Period (the 1930s to the First Half of the 1950s) 76
2.3.3 Late Period of the Soviet Union (the Second Half of the 1950s to 1991) 78
2.4 State Statistics in the Russian Federation 80
References 83
Chapter 3: Population 86
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Previous Research on Long-Term Russian Population Dynamics and Statistics 88
3.2.1 Population Research on the Imperial and Soviet Eras 88
3.2.2 Recent Research Trends 91
3.3 Russian Population Statistics 94
3.3.1 Household Censuses (Reviziia) in Imperial Russia 94
3.3.2 Compilation of Population Statistics by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of the Interior 95
3.3.3 Statistical Organization and Population Statistics in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia 98
3.4 Processing of Russian Population Statistics 101
3.4.1 Population Statistics from Imperial Russia 101
3.4.2 Population Statistics in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia and Problems Relating to Them 105
3.5 Results 107
3.6 Challenges Remaining 121
3.6.1 Reliability of Imperial-Era Data and Estimates for Non-European Regions of Russia 122
3.6.2 Scrutiny of Historical Materials for 1910s–1930s in the Official Archives and Re-examination of Statistics 123
3.6.3 Surveys of Statistics for During and Immediately After World War II 123
Appendix: Time Series of Alternative Estimates of the Total Population of the Territory Covered by the Present Russian Federation in the Imperial Era 125
References 127
Chapter 4: Labor 131
4.1 Introduction 131
4.2 Historical Development of Labor Statistics 135
4.3 Basic Concepts in Labor Statistics 137
4.3.1 Soviet Methodology of Labor Statistics 138
4.3.2 Labor Resource Fund and Economically Active Population 140
4.3.3 Employed and Unemployed in the New-Russian Labor Statistics 143
4.4 Long-Term Series of Labor Statistics 145
4.4.1 Economically Active Population and Employed 146
4.4.2 Unemployed Persons 148
4.4.3 Employed Persons by Industrial Sector 148
4.4.4 Trends in the Labor Force After World War II 155
Appendix 157
References 157
Chapter 5: Agriculture 159
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Agricultural Statistics in Imperial Russia 160
5.3 Agriculture for the Soviet Union and the Russian Republic 178
5.4 Agricultural Statistics of the Russian Republic 186
5.4.1 Production Statistics 186
5.4.2 Issues with Production Statistics 191
5.4.3 Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Statistics 196
5.4.4 Labor Statistics 200
5.5 Agriculture and Agricultural Statistics in the Russian Federation 201
Appendix 206
References 206
Chapter 6: Industry 208
6.1 Introduction 208
6.2 Industrial Statistics in the Russian Empire 209
6.3 Industrial Statistics in Soviet Russia 221
6.4 Industrial Statistics in the Russian Federation 236
Appendix 243
References 243
Chapter 7: Money and Finance 246
7.1 Introduction 246
7.2 Russian Empire 250
7.2.1 Monetary and Financial System in the Imperial Period 250
7.2.2 Monetary and Financial Statistics in the Imperial Period 255
7.3 Soviet Union 258
7.3.1 Monetary and Financial System in the Soviet Period 258
7.3.2 Monetary and Financial Statistics in the Soviet Period 266
7.4 New Russia 268
7.4.1 Monetary and Financial System in the New Russia Period 268
7.4.2 Monetary and Financial Statistics in the New Russia Period 270
Appendix 272
References 272
Chapter 8: State Budget 275
8.1 Introduction 275
8.2 Budget Statistics in the Russian Empire (1803–1914) 277
8.2.1 Outline and Sources of the Budget Statistics 277
8.2.2 Revenues of the State Budget 279
8.2.3 Expenditures of the State Budget 283
8.2.4 Emergent Revenues of the State Budget (Financing of Budget Deficits) 285
8.3 Budget Statistics in the Soviet Union (1918–1990) 286
8.3.1 Outline and Problems of Budget Statistics 286
8.3.2 Data Sources 289
8.4 Budget Statistics of the Russian Federation (1992–2015) 292
8.4.1 Outline and Problems of Budget Statistics 292
8.4.2 Data Sources 295
8.4.3 Result of the Estimation and Remaining Problems 295
8.5 Preliminary Analyses 297
8.5.1 Data 297
8.5.2 Budget Deficits and Their Financing 298
8.5.3 Direct Taxes and Economic Development 303
8.5.4 Defense Expenditures 305
8.5.5 Indirect Taxes 306
8.5.6 Socio-cultural Expenditures 309
8.5.7 Changes in the 2000s and Customs Duties 310
Appendix 311
References 312
Chapter 9: Foreign Trade 314
9.1 Introduction 314
9.2 Materials 314
9.3 Previous Research 315
9.4 Trade of Imperial Russia 316
9.5 Trade in the Soviet Period 318
9.5.1 Imports and Exports by Product 318
“Residual” Trade Items 319
Exchange Rate 321
Trade During World War II and Lend-Lease 322
9.5.2 Imports and Exports by Region 323
9.5.3 The Long Trend of Soviet Trade (1918–1991) 328
9.6 Trade in the Russian Federation, 1992–2010 333
9.7 Conclusion 336
Appendix 336
References 337
Chapter 10: Supplement: Soviet Foreign Trade Earnings Revisited 339
10.1 Introduction 339
10.2 Origin of Soviet Formula for Foreign Trade Earnings 341
10.3 Estimation of Foreign Trade Earnings in the Soviet National Accounting 344
10.4 Concluding Remarks 353
References 354
Chapter 11: Gross Domestic Products 356
11.1 GDP Growth in Imperial Russia 356
11.1.1 Historical Background 356
11.1.2 The Estimation Method 358
11.1.3 Results 361
11.1.4 Checking Estimation Biases 364
11.1.5 International Comparisons 365
11.1.6 Outlook: Growth and Volatility 370
11.2 GDP Growth of the Russian Republic in the Soviet Period 375
11.2.1 Challenges 375
11.2.2 Outline of the Estimation Method 375
11.2.3 Conversion from MPS to SNA 377
11.2.4 Estimation of Nominal Value Added and GDP 378
11.2.5 Sectoral Growth Rates 386
11.2.6 GDP Growth Rates of the Russian Republic 392
11.2.7 International Comparison 397
11.2.8 Economic Background of the Soviet Collapse 399
11.2.9 Comparison of the Growth Paths of Japan and Russia 403
11.3 Russia’s Informal Economic Growth, 1960–1990 406
11.3.1 Informal Economy in the Soviet System 406
11.3.2 Compiling the Household Expenditures Dataset 408
11.3.3 Estimating Nominal GDP Including Informal Economy 417
11.3.4 Estimating Real GDP 421
11.3.5 Remarks on the Informal Economy 423
11.4 National Income Statistics of the Russian Federation 426
11.4.1 Transition to SNA 426
11.4.2 Notes to Data 427
Appendix 434
References 436
Chapter 12: Estimating GDP and Foreign Rents of the Oil and Gas Sector in the Soviet Union and Present-Day Russia 441
12.1 Introduction 441
12.2 Methodology and Data 442
12.2.1 Methodology 442
12.2.2 Data for the Soviet Union, Then 443
12.2.3 Data for Russia, Now 446
12.3 Results of Estimations 447
12.3.1 Results for the Soviet Union, Then 447
12.3.2 Results for Russia, Now 448
12.4 Observations Across the Soviet Union, Then, and Russia, Now 450
12.5 Concluding Remarks 456
References 457
Index 459