Addressing the Climate in Modern Age's Construction History (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Indoor Climate, Technological Tools and Design Awareness: An Introduction 8
Abstract 8
References 30
2 Heating Verona in the Nineteenth Century. From the Fireplace to the Hot Water Systems 33
Abstract 33
1 Verona, 19th Century: Between Geopolitical and Military Centrality and Industrial Backwardness 34
2 The Problem of Energy Sources 35
3 The “Venetian” Heating Systems. The Tradition of the Fireplace Between Functionality and Representation 36
4 The “Hapsburg” Heating Systems. Innovative Use of Traditional Stoves in Veronese Military Buildings 40
5 The “Italian” Heating Systems. The Diffusion of Hot Air Heaters in the Post-unification Period 52
6 A “Noble” Warmth: The Spread of Calorifero System in Private Buildings 56
7 Epilogue. From Hot Air to Hot Water Heating Systems 58
References 66
3 The Alte Pinakothek 68
Abstract 68
1 Museum Climate and Technical Solutions 69
2 The Alte Pinakothek and Its Technical Building History 71
3 From 1836 to 1841: Phase 1 or the Question of Heating 71
3.1 Air-Heating as an Alternative to Fired Stove Heating 74
3.2 Disadvantages of the Air-Heating System 75
3.3 Indoor Climate Conditions and Air-Heating 75
4 From 1841 to 1891: Phase 2 Without Heating 76
4.1 No Heating as Alternative to Air-Heating 76
4.2 Passive Indoor Air Conditions: Influence of the Building Envelope 77
4.3 Development of Air Conditioning Technology in the 19th Century: Systems and Improvements for Museums 77
4.4 Old National Gallery in Berlin: Hot-Water Air-Heating 78
4.5 Royal Museum in Dresden: Low-Pressure Warm-Water Heating 79
4.6 Picture Gallery in Kassel: Conservation Compliant Heating 79
5 From 1891 to 1945: Phase 3 and the First Attempt to Control rH 79
5.1 Indoor Climate Conditions and Low-Pressure Steam-Heating 80
6 From World War II to the Late 1990s 81
7 Overall Renovation in the 1990s 82
8 Retrofitting and Energy Savings 82
9 The Energetic Price of Museum Climate 83
10 Past Knowledge for Future Perspectives 85
References 86
4 Two Early Examples of Central Heating Systems in France During the 19th Century 88
Abstract 88
1 The Steam Heating System of the Palais Brongniart 89
2 The Original Case of Lariboisière’s Hospital 95
3 Conclusion 105
References 106
5 Camillo Boito and the School Buildings Indoor Climate in the Unified Italy (1870–1890) 107
Abstract 107
1 Introduction. From Mandatory Schooling to School Buildings from the Age of Enlightenment to the Belle Époque
2 School Legislation in Italy After the Unification and the Birth of Regulations on School Buildings 109
3 The Museum of Teaching and Education 111
4 Francesco Bongioannini 112
5 A Model for Municipalities 114
6 Camillo Boito and the Schools of Padua at the Reggia Carrarese 116
7 The Schools of via Galvani, Milan 123
8 The Companies’ World? 125
9 Towards New Climate Control Systems in School Buildings 127
References 131
6 Tradition and Science: The Evolution of Environmental Architecture in Britain from 16th to 19th Century 134
Abstract 134
1 Introduction: Definitions and Background 134
2 Hypothesis 135
3 Six Buildings 136
3.1 Building One: Robert Smythson, Hardwick Hall (1590–1597) 136
3.2 Building Two: Christopher Wren, Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1663–1669) 136
3.3 Building Three: Lord Burlington, Chiswick House, 1725–1729 139
3.4 Science, Technology and Architecture in 19th Century Britain 141
3.5 Building Four: Sir John Soane, Dulwich Picture Gallery, 1811–1813 142
3.6 Building Five: Sir Charles Barry, the Reform Club, London, 1837–1840 143
3.7 Building Six: Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Glasgow School of Art, 1897–1909 144
4 Conclusion 146
References 147
7 Not Just a Summer Temple: The Development of Conservation and Indoor Climate in Nationalmuseum, Sweden 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 149
2 The Decision to Build a Museum 151
3 Building the Museum 152
4 The Perkins System and Indoor Climate in Nationalmuseum in the Nineteenth Century 155
5 Demands for Electrification and a New Heating and Ventilation System 164
6 Forced Air Ventilation and Humidity Control 166
7 Humidity Challenging the Building and the Artworks 168
References 170
8 Asserting Adequacy: The Crescendo of Voices to Determine Daylight Provision for the Modern World 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 The Health Benefits of Daylight 174
3 The Precedent of the Right to Light 176
4 Asserting the Size of Openings 176
5 The Quest for a Standard 178
6 Measurement and the Translation of Other Languages 180
7 The Daylight Factor 182
8 Standards Applied to Tasks 183
9 Rights to Light Enforced at an Urban Scale: Low Density Planning 185
10 Conclusion 187
References 188
9 The Houses of Parliament and Reid’s Inquiries into User Perception 192
Abstract 192
1 Empirical Approaches 193
2 The Testing of a Model Debating Chamber 195
3 The Temporary Houses of Commons 196
4 Technical Refinement Based on User-Perception 199
5 The Temporary House of Lords as the Test-Bed for an Alternative Approach, 1838–47 201
6 Towards the Personalization of Environmental Control 204
7 An Unsuccessful Experiment 206
8 Conclusion 207
References 207