The Process of Research and Statistical Analysis in Psychology

Dawn M. McBride is professor of psychology at Illinois State University, where she has taught research methods since 1998. Her research interests include automatic forms of memory, false memory, prospective memory, task order choices, and forgetting. In addition to research methods, she teaches courses in introductory psychology, cognition and learning, and human memory; she also teaches a graduate course in experimental design. She is a recipient of the Illinois State University Teaching Initiative Award and the Illinois State University SPA/Psi Chi Jim Johnson Award for commitment to undergraduate mentorship, involvement, and achievement. Her nonacademic interests include spending time with her family, traveling, watching Philadelphia sports teams (it was a good year for Philly sports this year!), and reading British murder mysteries. She earned her PhD in cognitive psychology from the University of California, Irvine, and her BA from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 • Psychological Research: The Whys and Hows of the Scientific Method and Data
Why Should I Care About Research If I Don’t Want to Do Research in My Career?
Why Psychologists Conduct Research
Populations and Samples
Types of Data
Frequency Distributions
Summary of Frequency Distributions
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 2 • Developing a Research Question and Understanding Research Reports: Where Research Questions Come From
Developing a Research Question
How to Conduct a Literature Review
What You Find in a Literature Review
Using the Literature Review to Make Hypotheses
APA-Style Article Writing
Oral Presentations
Poster Presentations
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 3 • Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research
Historical Context for Ethical Guidelines
Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research
Institutional Review Boards
Ethics in Reporting Research
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 4 • Probability and Sampling
Probability Concepts
Sampling Techniques
Distribution of Sample Means Introduction
Recruiting Participants
Using the Internet to Sample
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 5 • How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method: Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs
Data Collection Techniques
Types of Research Designs
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 6 • Descriptive Statistics
Central Tendency in Distributions
Mean
Median
Mode
Which Measure of Central Tendency Should I Use?
Variability in Distributions
Standard Deviation
Descriptive Statistics in Graphs
APA Style for Graphs and Tables
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 7 • Independent Variables and Validity in Research
Independent Variables
Validity and Sources of Bias
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 8 • One-Factor Experiments
Manipulation of Independent Variables
Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments
Experiment Examples
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 9 • Hypothesis-Testing Logic
The z Score Transformation
The Normal Distribution
Using the Normal Distribution to Determine the Probability of a Sample Mean
Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses
Logic of Hypothesis Testing
Types of Hypothesis-Testing Errors
Statistical Significance
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 10 • t Tests
The t Distribution
One-Sample t Test
Conducting a One-Sample t Test Using SPSS
One-Sample t Test Assumptions
Samples With Related or Paired Data
Calculating a Related or Paired Samples t Test
Conducting a Related or Paired Samples t Test Using SPSS
Paired Samples t Test Assumptions
Independent Samples
Calculating the Independent Samples t Test
Conducting an Independent Samples t Test Using SPSS
Independent Samples t Test Assumptions
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 11 • One-Way Analysis of Variance
More Than Two Independent Samples
Calculating the F Score in an Analysis of Variance
Conducting a One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
Test Assumptions
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 12 • Correlation Tests and Simple Linear Regression
Correlation Versus Causation
Hypothesis Testing With Pearson r
Conducting a Pearson r Test Using SPSS
Regression Analyses
Nonlinear Relationships
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 13 • Chi-Square Tests
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests
Observed Versus Expected Frequencies
Calculating a Chi-Square by Hand
Calculating a Chi-Square Test Using SPSS
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 14 • Multifactor Experiments
Factorial Designs
More About Interactions
Experiment Examples
Chapter Summary
Applying Your Knowledge
Test Yourself
Chapter 15 • Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Factorial Designs
Calculating a Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Calculating Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
Test Assumptions
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 16 • One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance
Within-Subjects Designs
Calculating a Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance
Calculating One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
Test Assumptions
More Complex Within-Subjects Designs
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Appendix A: Sample APA-Style Research Report
Appendix B: Answers to Stop and Think Questions
Appendix C: Unit Normal Table (z Table)
Appendix D: t Distribution Table
Appendix E: F Distribution Table
Appendix F: Pearson r Critical Values Table
Appendix G: Chi Square Critical Values Table
Glossary
References
Index