Health and Behavior (eBook)

H. Russell Searight is currently Professor of Psychology at Lake Superior State University in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan. He received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from Saint Louis University and later received a Master’s in Public Health from the Saint Louis University School of Public Health. Dr. Searight was involved in medical education for eighteen years as a faculty member in a family medicine residency as well as at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. He has published widely in the areas of medical ethics; primary care medicine, and cross-cultural issues in health care.

Preface: A Personal IntroductionChapter 1. Introduction to Health and Behavior: A Systems PerspectiveIllness versus DiseaseThe Concept of DiathesisDiathesis-Stress Models Explain Interaction Between Biological and Psychological Predispositions and the Emergence of IllnessHealth and Illness Occur in Complex SystemsVon Bertalanffy’s Systems PerspectiveBrofenbrenner’s EcosystemsThe Biopsychosocial ModelExamples of Health and Illness and Levels of Complex SystemsIndividual LevelDNACommunication Between Organ Systems: The Brain-Gut ConnectionPsychopathology and Health: The Rise and Fall of Psychosomatic MedicineInterpersonal Systems: Couples and FamiliesThe MesoSystem—Cultural Values and ReligionMacrosystemsCommunitiesChanges in National Politics and EconomicsBeyond Macrosystems: Our Flat World—International Borders DissolvePutting It Together: Ms. Ramirez Summary and the Way ForwardChapter 2. Research in Health and Behavior: Epidemiology and BeyondEpidemiology: An OverviewFood-Borne Illness: Two ExamplesExample: Sexually Transmitted DiseaseEpidemiology: Key Concepts and TerminologyRisk Factors and the Diathesis-Stress ModelPractical vs. Statistical Significance: Prevalance, Base Rates, and Health Screening TestsNeurocognitive Disorders of Alzheimer’s TypeScreening for Breast CancerHIV Self-TestingAutism Spectrum DisorderEpidemiology: Types of Investigatory DesignsCase ReportsCross-Sectional StudiesCase-Control StudiesThe “Radium Girls”ThalidomideMesothelioma and Asbestos Cohort StudyThe Framingham Heart StudyCancer and Nutrition: The EPIC CohortQualitative ResearchSocial EpidemiologyCausality and the Bradford Hill CriteriaEvidence-Based Health CareOrganizing Published Research to Guide Clinical Decision-MakingIssues and Cautions in Applying EBM FindingsEvidence-Based Interventions in Larger SystemsConclusionChapter 3. The Health Care System: History and Current DilemmasA History of Medical CareHippocrates and GalenMedieval Period Through the Late 1600sHospital MedicineVaccinesGerm Theory and the Continued Development of VaccinesSurgery Becomes SaferEducating PhysiciansThe Development of Medicine as a ProfessionThe Growth of Scientific MedicineImaging TechniquesMedical Devices to Supplant Physiological FunctionsOrgan Transplantation MedicationsThe Consumer Movement and Challenges to the Health Care ProfessionsHealth Insurance and Health CareFederal Health Insurance: Medicare and MedicaidMedicareMedicaidS-CHIPThe UninsuredThe Emergency Treatment and Active Labor ActHealth Care Reform: The Background of the Affordable Care ActThe Affordable Care ActProblems with the Affordable Care ActThe U.S. Health Care System: International ComparisonsSwitzerlandGreat BritainCanadaInternational Health Care: Differences in Underlying ValuesConclusionChapter 4. Diversity and Disparities in Health and Medical CareDisparities: An OverviewEconomic DisparityEducational Disparities and HealthGenderGender in Developed CountriesGender in Developing CountriesSexual Orientation Mental HealthInteractions with the Health Care SystemTransgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth and AdultsDisparities by Race/Ethnicity: The EvidencePregnancy and InfancyChildhood Health ConditionsMedical Conditions Disproportionately Impacting MinoritiesDifferences in Health Conditions Among AdultsDiscrimination Towards African-American PatientsRisk Factors and Disease Complications Patterns and Quality of CarePhysician-Patient InteractionMortalityLinguistic DiversityThe Role of Cultural and Historical Factors in Health, Illness, and TreatmentAmerican Medicine as CultureA Brief History of Health Care for African-Americans in the United StatesHispanic and Latino Culture and Health CareAsian Culture: Views of Health and Treatment of IllnessConclusion Chapter 5. Health Communication and Behavior ChangeBrief Overview of Health Communication and Behavior ChangeHealth Beliefs ModelSusceptibilitySeverityBenefitsBarriersCues to ActionSelf-EfficacyAnalysis of the Health Beliefs ModelDoes Fear Change Health Behavior?Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior Behavioral IntentionAttitudesSubjective NormsPerceived ControlTheory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis and ResearchSocial Cognitive ModelExample of Applied Modeling: Telenovelas Social MarketingDiffusion of InnovationIndividually Focused Models of Behavior ChangeTranstheoretical Model Relapse PreventionRelapse Risk FactorsAbstinence Violation EffectProblems with the Abstinence StandardRelapse Prevention StrategiesMotivational InterviewingPhilosophy of Motivational InterviewingMotivational Interviewing: Specific SkillsHarm Reduction Cyber Media and Health Behavior ChangeConclusionChapter 6. In the Clinic: Communication, Adherence, and Symptoms without DiseaseWhat is Primary Care ?The Importance of the Clinical InterviewOverview of the Medical Office EncounterThe Difference between Good- and Poor-Quality Physician-Patient InteractionElectronic Medical Records: Benefits and DrawbacksValues of Patients and Health Care ProvidersCommunicating Medical MistakesMedically Unexplained SymptomsThe Psychiatric Approach to Medically Unexplained SymptomsMalingeringFactitious DisorderConversion DisorderIllness Anxiety DisorderSomatic Symptom DisorderMedically Unexplained Symptoms in the Primary Care OfficeCultural IssuesThe Medicalization of SocietyAdherenceAn Overview of the Problem of Non-AdherencePatient FactorsHealth Care Professionals’ Communication Style and Patient AdherencePhysician Social Power and AdherenceTiming and ModalityDoes Fear Increase Adherence Characteristics of the Illness and TreatmentSocial SupportInterventions for Increasing AdherenceMobile “Apps” for AdherenceAdherence as the Result of a Complex Biopsychosocial DecisionThe Macro System’s Role in AdherenceA Vaccination Program Arouses SuspicionMaking Health a Requirement for EmploymentEconomic Causes of Non-AdherenceConclusionChapter 7. Stress and CopingWhat is Stress ?Walter Cannon and the Fight-or-Flight ResponseHans Selye and the General Adaptation SyndromeAllostatic LoadPsychoneuroimmunologyTend and BefriendTransactional ModelAssessing StressPerceived Stress ScaleSocial Readjustment Rating ScaleHassles and UpliftsMediators and Moderators of StressCharacteristics of the StressorEmotional StateCoping StylesHistory of Exposure to StressorsPersonality TraitsDoes Stress Cause Physical Illness ?Cardiovascular Disease, The Type A Personality, and DepressionCardiovascular Disease and Anxiety and DepressionHypertensionCancerThe Macro SystemEnvironmental FactorsCouples and Relationship ConflictWorkplaceCommunitySocial and Economic Costs of Early Traumatic ExperienceDiversityGenderStress Across CulturesSpecific Strategies for Stress ReductionProgressive RelaxationAutogenic TrainingBiofeedbackMeditationTranscendental MeditationBenson’s Relaxation ResponseMindfulness MeditationCognitive InterventionAcceptance and Commitment TherapyJournaling: Writing to Manage StressPositive PsychologyBackgroundPositive Psychology InterventionsConclusionChapter 8. Chronic Pain as a Psychosocial Condition: Causes, Consequences, and TreatmentPain DefinedWhen does Pain Become Chronic ?Chronic Pain-A Brief HistoryCommon Pain-Related DisordersFibromyalgiaLow Back PainHeadacheCancerExplanations of Chronic PainOperant ModelCognitive PerspectivesGate Control ModelNeuromatrix ModelPain as a Social MetaphorPain and the WorkplaceCross-Cultural Aspects of Pain The Macro System: The Politics of Chronic Pain and its TreatmentPain, the Work Ethic, and the Politics of DisabilityThe Politics of Gate Control TheoryIntractable Pain and Physician-Assisted SuicidePain as a Fifth Vital Sign and the Rise of OpiatesAssessment of PainRating ScalesPain DiaryThe Clinical Interview for PainChronic Pain: Treatment ApproachesSurgeryImplantable Spinal StimulatorsMedicationsTrans-Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)AcupuncturePhysical TherapyBehavioral and Psychological ApproachesBehavioral Approaches to TreatmentProgressive Relaxation TrainingBiofeedbackHypnosisCognitive Behavioral TherapyThird Wave Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyMultidisciplinary Pain ProgramsConclusionChapter 9. Smoking and Smoking CessationHealth Risks of Smoking and Tobacco UseHistory of Cigarette SmokingDemographics of SmokingSmoking Initiation Mental Health Conditions and SmokingThe Macro-System: Public Health, The Tobacco Industry, and Tobacco Control PoliciesTobacco Taxes and Related LegislationPublic EducationSmoking BanThe Tobacco IndustryMental Illness and Tobacco UseEthnicity, Culture, and SmokingSmoking Cessation—Common IssuesBackground for Smoking CessationAssessmentNicotine WithdrawalInterventionsPharmacotherapyCognitive and Behavioral StrategiesStages and Successful Smoking Cessation StrategiesPreparationActionVaping and e-CigarettesConclusionChapter 10. Obesity, Exercise, and Eating DisordersObesity’s Role in Health and IllnessRisk Factors for Being OverweightBody Weight, Stereotypes, and Discrimination Weight Loss InterventionsLow Calorie DietsBehavioral and Cognitive Behavioral ApproachesWeight Loss MedicationBariatric SurgeryThe Macro System Cultural Factors in Food Consumption: The French ParadoxThe Food IndustryPolicies for Increasing Nutritional AwarenessSugar TaxesMarketing and Economic FactorsExerciseA Brief Historical PerspectiveExercise and Mental HealthExercise and Cognitive FunctioningDevelopmental Benefits of Exercise for Prevention of Mental Health ConditionsMacro Systems and Physical ActivityEating DisordersAnorexia NervosaPhysical and Medical EffectsComorbid ConditionsCourse over TimeCausesTreatmentBulimia NervosaPsychological and Physical EffectsComorbid ConditionsCourse over TimeCausesTreatmentBinge Eating DisorderEating Disorders: Immediate Social and Macro System InfluencesFamily and Social FactorsMass MediaCross Cultural Studies of Eating DisordersEating Disordered Culture ConclusionChapter 11. Sleep and Sleep DisordersWhy do we Sleep ?The Stages of SleepNon-REM StagesStage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4REM SleepCircadian RhythmSleep Through the LifespanReasons for Disrupted SleepThe Macro System: Diversity and SleepCultureGenderEthnicityThe Cross-Cultural Significance of Sleep ParalysisSleep DisordersInsomniaDefinition and PrevalenceHealth Conditions Associated with InsomniaMedications Causing InsomniaPsychological Causes of InsomniaInsomnia TreatmentObstructive Sleep ApneaNarcolepsyRestless Legs SyndromeExcessive Daytime SleepinessHypersomnia Childhood Sleep DisordersBedtime RefusalSleep (Night) TerrorsNightmare DisorderSomnambulism (Sleep Walking)ConclusionChapter 12. Psychosexual DisordersThe Sexual Response CycleErectile Dysfunction Female Sexual Interest/Arousal DisorderProblems with EjaculationPremature (Early) Ejaculation Delayed EjaculationFemale Orgasmic DisorderGenito-Pelvic Pain Penetration DisorderCross-Cultural Issues in SexualityConclusionChapter 13. The Future Direction of Health and Health CareThe Interface of Physical and Mental HealthCollaborative and Integrated CareIncreased Attention to the Psychosocial in Medical CarePsychosocial “Vital Signs”Brief Models of Counseling for Busy Physicians Professionalism and Patient Centered Care Health Care Navigators Internationalization: The Flat Word Continues to FlattenThe Aging Population and the Maximization of LifeConclusionReferencesIndex