The Innovation in Computing Companion (eBook)

Dr. Gerard O'Regan is a CMMI software process improvement consultant with research interests including software quality and software process improvement, mathematical approaches to software quality, and the history of computing. He is the author of such Springer titles as World of Computing, Concise Guide to Formal Methods, Concise Guide to Software Engineering, Guide to Discrete Mathematics, Introduction to the History of Computing, Pillars of Computing, Introduction to Software Quality, Giants of Computing, and Mathematics in Computing.

Dedication 5
Preface 6
Overview 6
Organization and Features 6
Audience 7
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 9
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 18
Chapter 1: Background 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Digital Computers 21
1.3 Hardware and Software 22
1.4 Innovations in Computing 22
Chapter 2: ABC Computer 25
Chapter 3: Ada Programming Language 28
3.1 The Ada Language 30
Chapter 4: Agile Methodology 31
Chapter 5: Amdahl 470 and 580 Computers 35
Chapter 6: Analytic and Difference Engines 38
6.1 Difference Engine 39
6.2 Analytic Engine 41
6.2.1 Applications of Analytic Engine 42
Chapter 7: Apple II and Macintosh Computers 44
Chapter 8: Artificial Intelligence and Applications 48
8.1 The Turing Test 48
8.2 Searle’s Chinese Room 49
8.3 Machine Translation 50
8.4 Driverless Cars 51
Chapter 9: Atari Video Games 53
9.1 Atari Computers 57
Chapter 10: Automated Teller Machine 58
Chapter 11: AXE System 61
Chapter 12: Binary Number System 64
12.1 Applications: Computer Representation of Sets 67
Chapter 13: Boolean Algebra and Digital Computing 68
13.1 Switching Circuits and Boolean Algebra 71
Chapter 14: C and C++ Programming Languages 74
14.1 C Programming Language 74
14.2 C++ Programming Language 78
Chapter 15: Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems 80
15.1 Software as a Service 81
15.2 Service-Oriented Architecture 82
15.3 Distributed Systems 83
Chapter 16: CMMI and Software Process Improvement 85
16.1 Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) 88
Chapter 17: Colossus and Code Breaking at Bletchley Park 90
17.1 Vernam Cipher 94
Chapter 18: Commodore PET and 64 Computers 95
18.1 Commodore PET 96
18.2 Commodore 64 97
18.3 The Demise of Commodore 98
Chapter 19: COBOL and Compilers 99
19.1 COBOL Programming Language 101
19.2 Compilers 102
Chapter 20: Databases 104
20.1 Hierarchical and Network Models 105
20.2 The Relational Model 106
20.3 Oracle Database 109
Chapter 21: DEC PDP-11 and VAX 11/780 Minicomputers 110
21.1 PDP-11 Minicomputer 111
21.2 The VAX 11/780 Minicomputer 112
Chapter 22: Digital Photography 114
22.1 Digital Cameras 115
Chapter 23: EDVAC and ENIAC Computers 119
23.1 EDVAC Computer 122
23.2 Controversy ABC and ENIAC 122
Chapter 24: Eliza Program 124
24.1 Eliza 125
24.2 Eliza and the Ethics of AI 127
Chapter 25: Email Communication 128
25.1 Invention of Email 129
25.2 Gmail 131
Chapter 26: E-Commerce 132
26.1 Formation of Dot Com Companies 133
26.1.1 Dot Com Failures 134
26.1.2 Bubble and Burst 135
Chapter 27: Formal Methods 138
Chapter 28: GPS 142
28.1 Basic Principles of GPS 144
28.2 Applications of GPS 145
Chapter 29: Graphical User Interface and Human-Computer Interaction 147
Chapter 30: Harvard Mark 1 Computer 151
Chapter 31: Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines and the Birth of IBM 154
Chapter 32: Integrated Circuit 157
32.1 Moore’s Law 159
32.2 Early Integrated Circuit Computers 160
Chapter 33: Internet 162
33.1 Birth of the Internet 164
33.2 Internet of Things 165
33.3 Internet of Money and Bitcoin 166
Chapter 34: Iridium System 168
Chapter 35: Java Programming Language 171
35.1 Java Virtual Machine 174
Chapter 36: LEO Computers 175
36.1 LEO I Computer 176
36.2 LEO II and LEO III Computers 177
Chapter 37: Manchester Baby and Mark 1 Computers 179
37.1 Manchester Mark 1 179
37.2 Williams Tube 181
37.3 Ferranti Mark 1 182
Chapter 38: Microprocessor 183
38.1 Early Microprocessors 185
Chapter 39: Mobile Phone 187
39.1 Development of Mobile Phone Standards 189
Chapter 40: Mouse 192
Chapter 41: MP3 Player and Digital Music 195
41.1 Digital Music 195
Chapter 42: MS/DOS Operating System 198
42.1 Licensing CP/M to IBM 200
Chapter 43: Office Software 202
43.1 Microsoft Excel 203
43.2 Microsoft PowerPoint 204
43.3 Microsoft Word 204
43.4 Microsoft Access and Outlook 205
Chapter 44: Open-Source Software 206
44.1 Free Software Foundation 207
44.2 GNU 209
Chapter 45: Object-Oriented Paradigm 210
Chapter 46: Personal and Home Computers 213
46.1 Home Computers 215
Chapter 47: Robotics 217
47.1 Robots and Ethics 220
47.2 Robots and Intelligence 221
Chapter 48: Smartphones and Social Media 223
48.1 The Smartphone 224
48.2 The Facebook Revolution 225
48.3 The Tweet 227
48.4 Social Media and Fake News 229
Chapter 49: Software Inspection Methodology 231
49.1 Fagan Inspection Process 232
Chapter 50: Software Life Cycles 235
50.1 Spiral Life Cycles 236
50.2 Rational Unified Process 236
Chapter 51: The System/360 Revolution 239
51.1 Background to the System/360 240
51.2 The IBM System/360 241
Chapter 52: Transistor 245
52.1 Early Transistor Computers 247
Chapter 53: UNIX Operating System 249
53.1 UNIX Shell 250
53.2 UNIX Kernel 251
Chapter 54: Von Neumann Architecture 252
Chapter 55: Wi-Fi Technology 255
55.1 Wi-Fi Security 257
Chapter 56: Wikipedia 258
56.1 Wikipedia Quality Controls 260
Chapter 57: World Wide Web 262
Chapter 58: Z3 and Z4 Computers 266
58.1 The Z1–Z3 Machines 267
58.2 The Z4 Machine 268
58.3 Plankalkül 269
Chapter 59: Epilogue 271
59.1 What Next in Computing? 272
Test Yourself (Quiz 1) 273
Test Yourself (Quiz 2) 274
Test Yourself (Quiz 3) 275
Glossary 276
References 281
Index 284