Critical Thinking (eBook)

JONATHAN C. SMITH is a Professor of Psychology at Roosevelt University, Founding Director of the Roosevelt University Stress Institute, and Head of the Pseudoscience and Paranormal Laboratory. He has published 23 books and has written numerous articles on critical thinking, advanced relaxation and mindfulness theory and practice, stress management, and spirituality and skepticism. In 1984 he founded the Roosevelt University Stress Institute primarily to combat pseudoscience in the field. He has created classroom and online classes specifically designed to teach critical thinking skills and evaluate extraordinary claims of the paranormal.

Acknowledgments ix

Part I Introduction 1

1 Critical Thinking: Your Survival Kit 3

2 The Paranormal Spectrum 13

3 What's the Harm? Why Study These Things? 25

Part II The Critical Thinker's Toolkit 47

4 Sources 49

5 Logic (Bonus: The Big Four Informal Logical Fallacies) 61

6 Logic and Language: Fallacies of Ambiguity 79

7 Science 93

Part III Alternative Explanations 115

8 Oddities of Nature and the World of Numbers 117

9 Perceptual Error and Trickery 135

10 Memory Errors 155

11 The Placebo Effect 167

12 Sensory Phenomena, Hallucinations, and Psychiatric Conditions 189

Part IV Paranormal Challenges 211

13 Claims of Extraordinary Cures 213

14 From the Paranormal Sampler: Four Claims of Consequence 229

Appendix A: Why Do You Believe? 255

Appendix B: Belief Justification Survey 261

Notes 271

References 273

Index 295