Child Health Nursing, Updated Edition

About our authors Jane W. Ball graduated from the Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing, and subsequently received a BS from the Johns Hopkins University. She worked in the surgical, emergency, and outpatient units of the Johns Hopkins Children’s Medical and Surgical Center, first as a staff nurse and then as a pediatric nurse practitioner, beginning her career as a pediatric nurse and advocate for children’s health needs. Jane obtained both a Master of Public Health and a Doctor of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health with a focus on maternal and child health. After graduation she became the chief of child health services for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health. In this capacity she oversaw the state-funded well-child clinics and explored ways to improve education for the state’s community health nurses. After relocating to Texas, she joined the faculty at the University of Texas at Arlington School of Nursing to teach community pediatrics to registered nurses returning to school for a BSN. During this time, she became involved in writing her first textbook, Mosby’s Guide to Physical Examination, which is currently in its 7th edition. After relocating to the Washington, DC, area, she joined Children’s National Medical Center to manage a federal project to teach instructors of emergency medical technicians from all states about the special care children need during an emergency. Exposure to the shortcomings of the emergency medical services system in the late 1980s with regard to pediatric care was a career-changing event. With federal funding, she developed educational curricula for emergency medical technicians and emergency nurses to help them provide improved care for children. A textbook entitled Pediatric Emergencies, A Manual for Prehospital Providers was developed from these educational ventures. For 15 years she managed the federally funded Emergency Medical Services for Children’s National Resource Center. As executive director, Dr. Ball directed the provision of consultation and resource development for state health agencies, health professionals, families and advocates about successful methods to improve the health care system so that children get optimal emergency care in all health care settings. Having left that position, she devotes more time to writing and serves as a consultant to the American College of Surgeons, supporting state trauma system development. In 2010, Dr. Ball received the Distinguished Alumna Award from the Johns Hopkins University. Ruth C. Bindler received her BSN from Cornell University - New York Hospital School of Nursing. She worked in oncology nursing at Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, and then moved to Wisconsin and became a public health nurse in Dane County, Wisconsin. Thus began her commitment to work with children as she visited children and their families at home, and served as a school nurse for several elementary, middle and high schools. Due to this interest in child health care needs, she earned her MS in child development from the University of Wisconsin. A move to Washington State was accompanied by a new job as a faculty member at the Intercollegiate Center for Nursing Education in Spokane. Dr. Bindler has been fortunate to be involved for over 35 years in the growth of this nursing education consortium, which is a combination of public and private universities and colleges and is now the Washington State University (WSU) College of Nursing. Ruth obtained a PhD in human nutrition at WSU. She has taught theory and clinical courses in child health nursing, cultural diversity and health, graduate research, pharmacology and assessment, as well as serving as lead faculty for child health nursing and Associate Dean for Graduate Programs. She is now a professor emeritus at Washington State University. Her first professional book, Pediatric Medications, was published in 1981, and she has continued to publish articles and books in the areas of pediatric medications and pediatric health. Research efforts are focused on childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Ethnic diversity and interprofessional collaboration have been additional themes in her work. Dr. Bindler believes that her role as a faculty member has enabled her to learn continually, foster the development of students in nursing, lead and mentor junior faculty into the teaching role, and participate fully in the profession of nursing. In addition to teaching, research, publication and leadership, she enhances her life through professional and community service, and by activities with her family. Kay J. Cowen received her BSN from East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, and began her career as a staff nurse on the pediatric unit of North Carolina Baptist Hospital in Winston-Salem. She developed a special interest in the psychosocial needs of hospitalized children and preparing them for hospitalization. This led to the focus of her master’s thesis at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), where she received a Master of Science in nursing education degree with a focus in maternal child nursing. Mrs. Cowen began her teaching career in 1984 at UNCG, where she continues today as clinical professor in the Parent Child Department. Her primary responsibilities include coordinating the pediatric nursing course, teaching classroom content, and supervising a clinical group of students. Mrs. Cowen shared her passion for the psychosocial care of children and the needs of their families through her first experience as an author in the chapter “Hospital Care for Children” in Jackson & Saunders’ Child Health Nursing: A Comprehensive Approach to the Care of Children and Their Families, published in 1993. In the classroom, Mrs. Cowen realized that students learn through a variety of teaching strategies and became especially interested in the strategy of gaming. She led a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of gaming in the classroom and subsequently continues to incorporate gaming in her teaching. In the clinical setting, Mrs. Cowen teaches her students the skills needed to care for patients and the importance of family-centered care, focusing on not only the physical needs of the child but also the psychosocial needs of the child and family. During her teaching career, Mrs. Cowen has continued to work part time as a staff nurse: first in the pediatric unit of Moses Cone Hospital in Greensboro and then at Brenner Children’s Hospital in Winston-Salem. In 2006 she became the part-time pediatric nurse educator in Brenner’s Family Resource Center. Through this role she can extend her love of teaching to children and families. Through her role as an author, Mrs. Cowen can extend her dedication to pediatric nursing and nursing education. She is married and the mother of twin sons. Michele R. Shaw received her BSN from Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. She began her career as a nurse at a long-term care facility and then as a home healthcare nurse in Spokane, Washington. While making home visits, she became interested in the nursing care needs of children and families. She realized the importance of educating the family about their child’s condition and to include family members while planning and carrying out the nursing care plan. This interest in family nursing led her into the area of maternal-child nursing, where she served as a postpartum nurse for nearly 18 years. Her experience with providing nursing care to families in various settings has highlighted her belief in the need for a family-centered approach to provide optimal nursing care. Dr. Shaw began her teaching career as a teaching assistant in 2001 at the Washington State University (WSU) College of Nursing, where she continues today as an associate professor. It was during those early years as a teaching assistant that she began to realize her passion for educating nursing students. This interest led to her completing a master’s degree in nursing with an emphasis on education at WSU. Knowing that she wanted to continue working in nursing academia, Dr. Shaw went on to receive her PhD in nursing from the University of Arizona in Tucson. She has taught theory, seminar and clinical courses in maternal-child nursing, family health, evidence-based practice, ethical decision making, physical assessment and professional practice. Dr. Shaw recently assisted in the development of the Bachelor of Science-to-PhD in Nursing program at WSU. This fast-track program will enable students with an earned bachelor’s degree to complete a PhD in nursing in four years. Dr. Shaw enjoys working with undergraduate and graduate students and encourages active participation in research. Her research interests include children with asthma and their families, childbearing women and their families, and substance use among youth and childbearing women. She is particularly interested in children’s and families’ unique perspectives, and thus much of her research uses qualitative approaches. She continues to publish articles in the areas of pediatric asthma and substance use among childbearing women. Dr. Shaw believes her active role in nursing academia and research allows her to stay current in various pedagogical approaches to enhance nursing students’ learning experiences, as well as continuous learning about evidence-based interventions to provide nursing care to children and families.

PART 1: NURSES, CHILDREN, AND FAMILIES

Child Health Nursing: Concepts, Roles, and Issues
Family-Centered Care: Theory and Applications
Cultural Influences

PART 2: CHILD CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION

Genetic and Hereditary Influences
Concepts of Growth and Development
Child and Family Communication
Pediatric and Newborn Assessment

PART 3: HEALTH PROMOTION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE THROUGH CHILDHOOD

Concepts of Health Promotion and Health Maintenance
Health Promotion and Maintenance of the Newborn
Health Promotion and Maintenance of the Infant
Health Promotion and Maintenance of the Toddler and Preschooler
Health Promotion and Maintenance of the School-Age Child
Health Promotion and Maintenance of the Adolescent

PART 4: CHILD HEALTHCARE SETTINGS AND CONSIDERATIONS

Nursing Care of the Child in the Community
Nursing Care of the Hospitalized Child
Nursing Care of the Child with a Chronic Condition
Nursing Care of the Child with a Life-Threatening Illness or Injury
End-of-Life Care and Bereavement

PART 5: NURSING CARE FOR COMMON HEALTH CONCERNS

Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition
Social and Environmental Influences on Child and Adolescent Health
Pain Assessment and Management
Immunizations and Communicable Diseases

PART 6: NURSING CARE FOR SPECIFIC HEALTH CONDITIONS

Alterations in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Alterations in Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Function
Alterations in Respiratory Function
Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
Alterations in Immune Function
Alterations in Hematologic Function
The Child with Cancer
Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function
Alterations in Genitourinary Function
Alterations in Endocrine and Metabolic Function
Alterations in Neurologic Function
Alterations in Mental Health and Cognition
Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function
Alterations in Skin Integrity

Appendices

Physical Growth Charts
Pediatric Blood Pressure Tables
Dietary Reference Intakes
Selected Pediatric Laboratory Values
Diagnostic Tests and Laboratory Procedures
Emergency Assessment and Initial Management
Body Surface Area Nomogram
Temperature and Weight Conversion
NCLEX Answers with Rationale