Learning and Memory

Preface
About the Author
1 History of Learning and Memory
Learning Objectives
Overview
“Buddy O’Dell”
Early Philosophical Approaches
A Twentieth-Century Approach: Behaviorism
Contemporary Approaches
Themes in the Book
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
2 Common Research Methods in Learning and Memory
Learning Objectives
Overview
Common Features
Issues of Quality
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
3 Neurological Basis of Learning
Learning Objectives
Overview
The Case of H.M.
How Neurons Communicate: Neurotransmission
How Neurons Adapt to Support Learning
Classical Conditioning
Skill Learning
Implicit Learning
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
PART I: LEARNING
4 Behavioral Learning
Learning Objectives
Overview
Operant Conditioning Theory
Strengthening Behavior
Schedules of Reinforcement
Shaping
Response Chains
Stimulus Control
Biological Constraints
Avoidance Conditioning
Weakening Behavior
Overview of Operant Conditioning Theory
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
5 Social Learning
Learning Objectives
Overview
Learning by Watching Others
Development of Learning
Social Context of Cognitive Development
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
6 Affect and Motivation in Learning
Learning Objectives
Overview
Emotions During Learning
Motivation
Classic Motivational Theories
Modern Motivational Theories
Motivation in Education
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
7 Cognitive Learning
Learning Objectives
Overview
Short-Term Memory Store
Baddeley’s “Working Memory” Model
Conscious Learning
Forming Memories
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
PART II: MEMORY
8 Retrieval
Learning Objectives
Overview
Retrieving Memories
Feeling of Knowing
Retrieval Cues
Prospective Memory
The Biological Basis of Retrieving Memories
Retrieval to Improve Learning
Situational Effects on Retrieval
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
9 Episodic and Autobiographical Memories
Learning Objectives
Overview
Episodic Memories
Autobiographical Memory System
The Structure of Autobiographical Memories
Conway’s Self-Memory System
Developmental Changes in Autobiographical Memories
Brain Processing Underlying Autobiographical Memories
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
10 Semantic Memory
Learning Objectives
Overview
Tulving’s Episodic/Semantic Memory Distinction
Meaning and Context
Knowledge Representation
Associationistic Models of Knowledge Representation
Holistic Approaches of Knowledge Representation
Constructivism
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
11 Forgetting
Learning Objectives
Overview
Forgetting Is Normal
Normal Rate of Forgetting
Forgetting Over the Lifespan
Causes of Forgetting
Other Retrieval Errors
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
PART III: ADVANCED TOPICS
12 Learning and Memory in the Real World
Learning Objectives
Overview
Learning and Advertising: Consumer Research
Learning and Education: Classroom Management
Learning and the Workplace: Employee Training
Learning and Aggression: Violence and Media
Memory and the Law: Eyewitness Memory
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Further Resources
References
Index