Changes in the Brain (eBook)

Preface: Laying the Framework 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
1: Neuroanatomy: The Brain–Behavior Relationship 12
Introduction 12
Vision and Visuospatial Functions 12
Audition 16
Touch 18
Tactile Sensation and Limb Proprioception 18
Pain and Temperature 18
Sensory Homunculus 19
Somatosensory Disorders 20
Movement 20
Contralaterality 22
Planning Movement 22
Emotion 23
Fear 23
Happiness 24
Disgust 24
Sadness 25
Cognitive Functioning 25
Language 26
Memory 26
Attention 28
Information Processing Speed 28
Executive Functions 29
Summary 30
References 30
2: The Aging Brain and Changes in Daily Function 33
Investigating Brain Aging Apart from Brain Injury or Neurodegenerative Disease 34
Brain Aging in Older Adults with Normal Cognition and No Disability in the Activities of Daily Living: Effect of Age 35
Brain Aging in Older Adults with Normal Cognition and No Disability in the Activities of Daily Living: Effect of Variation in Cognitive Performance 38
Improving Daily Function Despite Brain Aging 40
Volunteering 40
Exercise and Physical Activity 41
Cognitive Remediation 42
Sleep Health 42
Conclusion 43
References 43
3: Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementia Disorders 46
Introduction 46
Symptomatology 47
Cognitive Symptoms 48
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms 49
Physical Symptoms 50
Symptomatology and Everyday Functioning 51
Employment 51
Social Functioning and Participation in Society 53
Activities of Daily Living 54
Assessment of Activities of Daily Living 55
Neuropsychiatric/Cognitive Symptoms and Activities of Daily Living 57
Heterogeneity in Performance of Activities of Daily Living Across Diagnostic Groups 58
A Neurocognitive Model of Impairment in Activities of Daily Living 59
Error Monitoring and Detection 60
Treatment of Impairments in Activities of Daily Living 61
Cultural Considerations 63
Conclusions 64
References 65
4: Parkinson’s Disease: Changes in Daily Life 73
Background: Pathology and Biochemistry 73
Clinical Symptoms and Signs 76
Motor System Symptoms and Signs 76
The Functional Result 78
Cognitive/Psychiatric Problems 80
Sensory Problems 82
Autonomic Dysfunction 82
Sleep Disturbances 83
Employment Issues 83
Social Functioning/Participation in Society 85
Independence and Activities of Daily Living 87
Quality of Life 89
Cultural Considerations 91
References 92
5: Stroke: Impact on Life and Daily Function 95
Background/Nature of Illness 95
The Experience: Mind-Body Problems 97
Mind-Body Problems in Movement and Mobility 99
Paralysis 99
Two Methods of Rehabilitation 99
Gait (Walking) 101
Spasticity 101
Skilled, Learned, Purposeful Movement (Praxis) 102
Mind-Body Problems Related to Moving in Our Three-Dimensional World 103
Our Bodies and Space 103
Mind-Body Problems in Perception and Sensation 106
Visual-Spatial, “Where” Neglect 106
Phantom Limb and Phantom Movement 108
Body Ownership 109
Pain 109
Mind-Body Problems in Mood and Emotion 110
Depression 110
Apathy and Motivation Problems 111
Emotional Lability 112
Social Interaction and Personality Changes 113
Other Issues in Life Participation 114
Life Problems Related to Concentration and Memory Deficits 114
Life Problems Related to Communication Deficits: Aphasia 115
Fatigue 117
Steps in Returning to the Community 117
Employment After Stroke 117
Returning to Social Participation 118
Cultural Issues 119
References 120
6: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the Impact on Daily Life 124
Traumatic Brain Injury 124
Mild TBI 124
Moderate–Severe TBI and Early Stages of Recovery 125
Suggested Strategies for the Acute Phase 126
Specific Symptoms 132
The Effects of Post-TBI Symptoms on Daily Life 133
Impact of Specific Cognitive and Perceptual Symptoms on Activities of Daily Living 135
Participation 143
The Impact of TBI on Personality and Social-Emotional Functioning 143
Cultural Considerations 148
Factors That Affect Recovery and Length of Recovery Time 149
References 149
7: Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Life 151
Multiple Sclerosis 152
Disease Course 152
Multiple Sclerosis: Common Symptoms 153
Physical Symptoms 154
Cognitive Symptoms 155
Emotional/Psychiatric Symptoms 155
Impact of MS on Overall Functioning 156
Deficits in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) in MS 157
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) 157
Assessment of ADLs 158
Factors Contributing to Limitations in ADLs 159
New Advances in the Assessment of IADLs 160
Employment Issues 160
The Impact on Social Functioning/Participation in Society 162
Quality of Life (QOL) 163
Cultural Considerations 165
Summary 166
References 166
8: The Impact of Epilepsy on Quality of Life 172
Epilepsy: A Review 173
Epilepsy and Its Impact on Activities of Daily Living and Quality of Life 174
The Effect of Stigma 175
Cross-Cultural Influences 175
Epilepsy in Youth 176
Women with Epilepsy 176
Household Duties and Activities of Daily Living 177
Employment 178
Social Functioning/Participation in Society 178
Driving 179
Emotional Problems 180
Nonepileptic Events 181
Cognitive Problems 181
Assessment of Quality of Life in Epilepsy 182
Quantitative Approaches 183
Single Disease-Specific Scales 183
Test Batteries to Assess HrQOL 184
Psychosocial Assessments 185
Assessments in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy 185
Condition-Specific Scales for Children and Adolescents 185
QOL Assessment with Individuals with Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability 186
Treatment 186
Medication and Surgical Treatment 186
Behavioral and Alternative Treatment 186
Conclusion 187
References 187
9: Cancer Survivorship 193
Primary Brain Tumors and Metastases 194
Motor Control 196
Sensation 196
Language and Communication 197
Apraxia 197
Neglect Syndrome 198
Dysphagia 198
Bowel and Bladder Function 198
Clinical Manifestations 198
Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors and Metastases 200
Surgical Intervention 201
Radiation Therapy 201
Chemotherapy 204
Impact of Neurological Impairments on Daily Life 207
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living 207
Impact on Social Functioning and Participation in Society 208
Community and Family 208
Work and Leisure 209
Rehabilitation 209
Quality of Life 211
References 211
10: Real-World Impact of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment 214
HIV and the Central Nervous System 215
A Model of Real-World Outcomes in HIV 216
Real-World Functioning 218
Functional Capacity 218
Integrative Abilities and Skills 219
Cofactors Affecting Functional Capacity and Real-World Functioning 219
A Case Example 220
Real-World Outcomes in HIV Disease 221
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) 221
IADL Capacity 223
Manifest IADLs 224
Medication Management and Adherence 225
Medication Management Capacity 225
Manifest Medication Adherence 226
Automobile Driving 228
Vocational Functioning 231
Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) 233
Risk Behaviors 234
HIV-Associated Everyday Functioning Across Cultures 236
Summary and Future Directions 237
References 239
11: Disability and Public Policy in America 249
The History of Disability Rights in America 249
Organized Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities Begins in America 251
Legislative History 252
Implementation 254
Americans with Disabilities Act 255
Defining the ADA 257
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 258
Defining Disability 261
Future Considerations 265
12: Living After Brain Changes: From the Patient’s Perspective 267
Life with Multiple Sclerosis 267
Life After Stroke 269
Epilogue: Where Do We Go from Here? 274
Index 276