Science in Metaphysics (eBook)

Vassilis Livanios is a lecturer at the University of Cyprus, with interests including metaphysics and the philosophy of physical science. His work has appeared in several academic journals including Philosophical Studies, Metaphysica, Acta Analytica and Journal for General Philosophy of Science.

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5

Against Dispositional Monism.............................................................................................. 11

1.1 Preliminaries: Two Distinct Issues ....................................................................................11

1.2 The Truthmaking Criterion for the Dispositional/Categorical Distinction ...................12

1.3 Arguing Against Dispositional Monism From the Actual Existence of Fundamental

Categorical Features ........................................................................................................................17

1.3.1 Spatiotemporal Relations as fundamental categorical features .............................18

1.3.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................18

1.3.1.2 Spatiotemporal Relations and Subjunctive Conditionals in pre-GR theories ..21

1.3.1.3 Bird’s Argument for the Dispositional Essence of Spatiotemporal Relations ..22

1.3.1.4 An Appraisal of the Argument .............................................................................24

1.3.1.5 A Nomic interpretation of Bird’s counterfactual?..............................................31

Against Identity Theory and Neutral Monism.................................................................... 35

2.1 Identity Theory....................................................................................................................35

2.1.1 Problems for Identity Theory....................................................................................35

2.1.1.1 The objection from the independent variability of dispositionality with respect

to categoricality and vice versa. ..............................................................................................35

2.1.1.2 The one categoricality-multiple dispositionalities problem................................37

2.1.1.3 How can we understand (and justify) the ‘surprising’ triple identity?.............38

2.1.2 A Unique Categoricality? ..........................................................................................43

2.2 Neutral Monism ..................................................................................................................45

2.2.1 Neutral Monism and the Modified Ungrounded Argument...................................45

2.2.2 Agnosticism.................................................................................................................51

In Defence of Categorical Monism....................................................................................... 53

3.1 In defence of the categoricality of fundamental properties: the argument from

renormalisation ................................................................................................................................53

3.2 Objections ............................................................................................................................58

Categorical Monism and Quidditism................................................................................... 63

4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................63

4.2 Versions of RNDV...............................................................................................................65

2

4.3 Defending RNDV ................................................................................................................72

4.3.1 The Permutation Difficulty........................................................................................72

4.3.2 Step 1: Rejecting the Transworld Existence of Fundamental Natural Properties74

4.3.3 Step 2: Adopting the Counterpart Framework .......................................................77

4.3.4 Two Versions of Property-Counterpart Theory Consistent with RNDV..............82

4.3.4.1 PCT1 (First Version of an RNDV-Friendly Property-Counterpart Theory) ...82

4.3.4.2 PCT2 (Second Version of an RNDV-Friendly Property-Counterpart Theory). 84

4.4 RNDV as the unique way of the de re modal representation of fundamental properties ………………………………………………………………………………………………88

Further Objections to Categorical Monism........................................................................ 90

5.1 The Argument from the truthmakers of unmanifested dispositions. .............................90

5.2 The Argument from science: scientific practice. ..............................................................97

5.3 The Argument from science: the scientific characterisation of fundamental properties. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..101

5.4 In no categorical terms? ...................................................................................................103

The Contingent Character of Categoricality and Dispositionality ................................. 109

6.1 The Metaphysical Contingency of Categorical Monism................................................109

6.2 Challenging Orthodoxy ....................................................................................................114

6.3 Objections ..........................................................................................................................116

6.4 The modified criterion of dispositionality/categoricality...............................................121

Do Nomic Relations Exist? ................................................................................................. 127

7.1 On the ontological status of nomic relations...................................................................128

7.2 Against DEAL: the case of symmetries and conservation laws ....................................135

7.3 Against DEAL: the ‘constant’ threat ..............................................................................139

7.3.1 Introduction. .............................................................................................................139

7.3.2 Objections to the rescue?.........................................................................................141

7.3.2.1 Objection to Premise (1)......................................................................................141

7.3.2.2 Objection to Premise (2)......................................................................................145

7.3.2.3 Objection to Premise (3)......................................................................................152

Metaphysical Features of Nomic Relations and Laws ..................................................... 162

8.1 The Modal Status of Laws of Nature...............................................................................162 3

8.1.1 Categorical Monistic Approaches ...........................................................................162

8.1.2 Dispositional Monistic Approaches.........................................................................165

8.1.3 An Argument for the Metaphysical Contingency of Laws ...................................167

8.2 Hybrid Nomic Relations ...................................................................................................171

8.3 The role of hybrid nomic relations in a M-world...........................................................177

Concluding remarks............................................................................................................ 182

References ............................................................................................................................ 185

Index ..................................................................................................................................... 193