Confucian China and its Modern Fate

JOSEPH R LEVENSON

Part 1 THE TONE OF EARLY-MODERN CHINESE INTELLECTUAL CULTURE; Chapter 1 The Abortiveness of Empiricism in Early Ch'ing Thought; THE CRITIQUE OF IDEALISM; SCIENCE AND CH'ING EMPIRICISM: THEIR DEGREE OF COINCIDENCE; SCIENCE AND CH'ING EMPIRICISM: THEIR NON-IDENTITY; PROTEST AND STABILITY: THE REMINISCENCE OF AN EARLIER AFFIRMATION; CONCLUSION; Chapter 2 The Amateur Ideal in Ming and Early Ch'ing Society: Evidence from Painting; THE MING STYLE, IN SOCIETY AND ART; THE PARADOX OF AN ACADEMIC ANTI-ACADEMICISM;, CONCLUSION: MODERNIZATION AS THE CORROSION OF THE AMATEUR IDEAL; Chapter 2a Interlude: Confucianism and the End of the Taoist Connection; Part 2 CHINESE CULTURE IN ITS MODERN METAMORPHOSES: THE TENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL CHOICE; Chapter 3 Eclecticism in the Area of Native Chinese Choices; CONSIDERATIONS OF TIME BECOME CONSIDERATIONS OF SPACE; THE ECLECTICISM OF TSENG KUO-FAN; THE ENCROACHMENT OF ‘CHINA’ ON GENERAL JUDGMENTS OF VALUE; Chapter 4 T'i and Yung—’Substance’ and ‘Function’; THE RATIONALIZATION; THE FALLACY;, REJECTION OF T'I-YUNG AND REJECTION OF INNOVATION: WO-JEN; REJECTION OF T'I-YUNG AND SEARCH FOR A NEW RATIONALIZATION: THE CLASSICAL SANCTION; Chapter 5 The Chin-Wen School and the Classical Sanction; NEW VALUES INJECTED INTO CHINESE HISTORY: K'ANG YU-WEI;, Chapter 6 The Modern Ku-wen Opposition, Reactionary and Revolutionary, to Chin-wen Reformism; THE REACTIONARY KU-WEN ATTACK; THE REVOLUTIONARY KU-WEN ATTACK; THE CLASSICS AND HISTORY; Chapter 7 The Role of Nationalism in the Disowning of the Past; THE ATTACK ON THE MANCHUS; CULTURALISM AND NATIONALISM AS COMPETITORS FOR LOYALTY; THE REINTEGRATION OF TRADITION INTO NATIONALISM; Chapter 8 Emphasis on General Validity: (1) As a Defence of Tradition; ‘SELECT THE BEST IN EAST AND WEST’; EXAMPLE: TS'AI YÜAN-P'EI; ‘MATTER’ AND ‘SPIRIT’: THE T'I-YUNG RATIONALIZATION IN EXTREMIS; Chapter 9 Emphasis on General Validity: (2) As an Attack on Tradition; CONFUCIANISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND CHINESE SELECTIVITY; THE PRESSURE OF ICONOCLASM AGAINST NATIONALISM; THE SOCIAL COMPULSION ON NATIONALISM, BOTH TO CONTRIBUTE TO AND DENY THE STERILITY OF TRADITION; THE CHARGE OF STERILITY AGAINST CREATIVE EFFORTS IN THE TRADITIONAL SPIRIT; Chapter 10 Communism;, RESIDUAL TRADITIONALISM; CONCESSION TO TRADITIONALISM: RATIONAL TACTIC OR EMOTIONAL COMMITMENT?; CLASS-ANALYSIS; ‘ICONOCLAST-NATIVIST’ SYNTHESIS; Chapter 11 Western Powers and Chinese Revolutions: the Political Side of Culture-change; Conclusion: a New Vocabulary or a New Language?VOCABULARY CHANGE IN EUROPE AND CHINA: ART AND IDEASLANGUAGE CHANGE AND THE PROBLEM OF CONTINUITY;