A Companion to the History of American Science

Georgina M. Montgomery is Associate Professor of Science History at Michigan State University. She is co-editor of Making Animal Meaning (2011) and author of Primates in the Real World: Escaping Primate Folklore and Creating Primate Science (2015). Mark A. Largent is Professor and Associate Dean of Lyman Briggs College at Michigan State University. He is the author of Vaccine: The Debate in Modern America (2012) and Breeding Contempt: The History of Coerced Sterilization in the United States (2007).

Notes on Contributors xi

Introduction 1
Georgina M. Montgomery and Mark A. Largent

Part I Disciplines 7

1 Agricultural Sciences 9
Samantha Noll

2 Anthropology 21
Adrian Young

3 Astronomy and Astrophysics 33
Peter J. Susalla

4 Chemistry 44
Ann E. Robinson

5 Computer Science 55
Stephanie Dick

6 Conservation Biology 69
Christian C. Young

7 Economics 82
Ross B. Emmett

8 Experimental Psychology 95
Jim Wynter Porter

9 Genetics 110
Melinda Gormley

10 Geophysics 120
Matthew Shindell

11 Marine Biology 134
Samantha Muka

12 Medical Genetics 147
Andrew J. Hogan

13 Meteorology and Atmospheric Science 160
James Bergman

14 Molecular and Cellular Biology 174
Lijing Jiang

15 Nuclear, High Energy, and Solid State Physics 186
Joseph D. Martin

16 Nutrition 199
Jessica Mudry

17 Paleoanthropology and Human Evolution 213
Matthew R. Goodrum

18 Paleontology 227
Paul D. Brinkman

19 Ecology 241
Gina Rumore

20 Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology 252
Abraham H. Gibson and Michael Ruse

21 Sociology 263
Sebasti ´an Gil-Ria˜no

22 Space and Planetary Sciences 276
Erik M. Conway

Part II Topics 289

23 Biotechnology 291
Nathan Crowe

24 Darwinism 306
Adam M. Goldstein

25 Science Education 320
Adam R. Shapiro

26 Environmental Science 333
Daniel Zizzamia

27 The American Eugenics Movement 345
Christine Neejer

28 Evolution and Creation Debates 361
Arthur Ward

29 Field and Laboratory 374
Jeremy Vetter

30 Gender and Science 385
Donald L. Opitz

31 The Germ Theory 397
Jacob Steere-Williams

32 Instrumentation 408
Sara J. Schechner

33 Science and Literature 420
Stephen Rachman

34 Museums 431
Amy Kohout

35 Natural History 444
Pamela M. Henson

36 Nature Study 456
Sally Gregory Kohlstedt

37 Science and Policy 468
Kevin C. Elliott

38 Popularizing Science 479
Constance Areson Clark

39 Science and Postcolonialism 491
Banu Subramaniam

40 Racial Science 502
Robert Bernasconi

41 Relativity in America 512
Daniel Kennefick

42 Science and Religion 528
Mark A. Waddell

43 Sex and Science 541
Miriam G. Reumann

44 Zoos and Aquariums 553
Christian C. Young

Bibliography 566

Index 666