Archaeology of Urban America (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Archaeology of Urban America: The Search for Pattern and Process 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 12
Foreword 14
Preface 20
Acknowledgments 22
PART I: STRATEGIES AND METHODS 26
Chapter 1. Method in Urban Archaeology: The Stadt Huys Block 28
INTRODUCTION 28
CHARACTERISTICS O F URBAN AREAS 28
STADT HUYS BLOCK 29
ATTRIBUTES OF URBAN AREAS 30
URBAN MEASURES 37
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 39
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 39
REFERENCES 39
Chapter 2. An Approach to Archaeology of the City: The Roger Williams National Memorial Project 44
INTRODUCTION 44
THE RESEARCH LABORATORY 45
RESEARCH STRATEGIES 47
SUMMARY 60
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 63
REFERENCES 63
Chapter 3. The City-Site Approach to Urban Archaeology 66
GOALS AND QUESTIONS 66
PROJECT DESIGN 67
RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS 69
RESEARCH STRATEGY 78
CONCLUSIONS 84
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 84
REFERENCES 84
Chapter 4. Archaeological Implications of a Manufacturing Industry in Eighteenth-Century American Cities 88
THE STUDY OF INDUSTRY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CITIES 88
THE CORRELATION APPROACH TO URBAN INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY 91
A SAMPLE OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GLASS FACTORIES 94
DERIVATION AND COMPARISON OF GLASS FACTORY PROFILES 98
TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS OF THE GLASS FACTORIES 101
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF FACTORY PROFILES 118
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 123
REFERENCES 124
Chapter 5. Environmental-Impact Archaeology in the Urban Setting: A View from Atlanta 130
INTRODUCTION 130
THE LEGAL BASE 130
THE URBAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 131
RESEARCH MODEL FOR THE MARTA PROJECT 132
REVIEW AND COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 133
A SUGGESTED PLAN FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT ARCHAEOLOGY 134
CONCLUSIONS AND ADDENDUM 137
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 138
REFERENCES 138
PART II: SITE FORMATION, STRUCTURE, AND PATTERN 140
Chapter 6. Urban Land Use and Artifact Deposition: An Archaeological Study of Change in Providence, Rhode Island 142
INTRODUCTION 142
THE CASE STUDY AND ITS HISTORY 143
ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE 144
ANALYSIS OF ARTIFACT DEPOSITION 150
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 164
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 165
REFERENCES 165
Chapter 7. The Core–Periphery Relationship and the Archaeological Record in Alexandria, Virginia 168
CORE–PERIPHERY MODEL 169
THE CORE–PERIPHERY RELATIONSHIP IN ALEXANDRIA 171
ARTIFACT PATTERNS IN ALEXANDRIA'S CORE AND PERIPHERY 180
CONCLUSIONS 195
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 196
REFERENCES 197
Chapter 8. Bioarchaeology in the Urban Context 200
INTRODUCTION 200
BIOARCHAEOLOGY 201
OAKLAND CEMETERY 203
THE STUDY TRACT 205
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY 215
CONCLUSIONS 228
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 229
REFERENCES 230
Chapter 9. The Weaver Pottery: A Late Nineteenth-Century Family Industry in a Southeastern Urban Setting 234
INTRODUCTION 234
FEATURES 235
HISTORY OF THE WEAVER SITE: 110 YEARS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY 243
CONCLUSIONS 255
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 259
REFERENCES 259
Chapter 10. Industrial Site-Building: Implications from the 1978—1979 Investigations at the Rogers Locomotive Works, Paterson, New Jersey 262
INTRODUCTION 262
THE 1978–1979 PROJECT 264
INVESTIGATIVE PLANNING AND THEORETICAL ISSUES 274
CONCLUSIONS 281
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 281
REFERENCES 281
PART III: ARTIFACTS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 282
Chapter 11. Analyzing Glass Bottles for Chronology, Function, and Trade Networks 284
GLASS TECHNOLOGY AND DATING 286
BOTTLE FUNCTION 294
TRADE NETWORKS 305
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 313
REFERENCES 313
Chapter 12. An Examination of Manufacture-Deposition Lag for Glass Bottles from Late Historic Sites 316
DATING 317
MANUFACTURE-DEPOSITION LAG 319
SITES 324
INTERPRETATIONS 349
CONCLUSIONS 351
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 351
REFERENCES 352
Chapter 13. Classification and Interpretation of Late-Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Ceramics 354
CLASSIFICATION 355
INTERPRETATIVE DIRECTIONS 367
PRELIMINARY RESULTS 370
CONCLUSIONS 383
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 383
REFERENCES 383
Chapter 14. Material Culture, Social Structure, and Changing Cultural Values: The Ceramics of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Middletown, Connecticut 386
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 404
REFERENCES 405
Chapter 15. Patterns in Urban Food Ways: An Example From Early Twentieth-Century Atlanta 406
EDGEWOOD SITE (9Da89) 407
HYPOTHESES 407
FAUNAL DATA 409
ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA 413
ANALYSIS 414
INTERPRETATIONS 417
CONCLUSIONS 419
APPENDIX A 420
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 423
REFERENCES 423
Chapter 16. The Milwaukee Garbage Project: Archaeology of Household Solid Wastes 424
ARCHAEOLOGY AND MODERN MILWAUKEE GARBAGE 424
MILWAUKEE GARBAGE PROJECT METHODS 425
INCOME AND SOLID-WASTE BACKGROUND STUDIES 436
MILWAUKEE TOTAL PICKUP WEIGHTS 443
MILWAUKEE WEIGHT SORTS—DETAILED VIEW 443
MULTIVARIATE WEIGHT SORT ANALYSES 456
WEIGHT SORT ANALYSIS SUMMARY 467
THE POOR AND SOLID WASTES: TWO POSSIBLE FACTORS 467
MILWAUKEE REGULAR SORTS—PRODUCT CATEGORIES AND PICKUP WEIGHTS 472
REGULAR SORT ANALYSES SUMMARY 483
CONCLUSIONS 484
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 485
REFERENCES 485
Subject Index 488