Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography (eBook)

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Rufus H. Gouws, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Ulrich Heid, Hildesheim, Wolfgang Schweickard, Saarbrücken; Herbert E. Wiegand, Heidelberg.

Preface 5
I. Dictionaries in modern society: Current status and perspectives 15
1. Lexicography through the ages: From the early beginnings to the electronic age 15
2. The impact of computational lexicography 38
II. New developments in lexicographic theory I: Textual structures 45
3. Textual structures in printed dictionaries: An overview 45
4. Macrostructures in printed dictionaries 87
5. Access structures in printed dictionaries 124
6. Microstructures in printed dictionaries 163
7. Mediostructures in printed dictionaries 228
8. Textual architectures in printed dictionaries 267
9. Addressing and addressing structures in printed dictionaries 287
10. Types of dictionary articles in printed dictionaries 328
III. New developments in lexicographic theory II: Dictionary types and functions 381
11. Textual structures in electronic dicitionaries 381
12. Mixed dictionary genres 395
13. Dictionary of language contact 407
14. Newdevelopments in learners’ dictionaries I: English and French 414
15. New developments in learners’ dictionaries II: German 428
16. New developments in learners’ dictionaries III: Bilingual learners’ dictionaries 439
17. New developments in lexicography for special purposes I: An overview of linguistic dictionaries 445
18. New developments in lexicography for special purposes II: An overview of dictionaries of lexicography 456
19. Lexicographic functions 474
IV. New developments in lexicographic theory III: Selected dictionary subjects 483
20. The treatment of culture-bound items in dictionaries 483
21. The treatment of sensitive items in dictionaries 496
22. The treatment of meaning in dictionaries and prototype theory 501
23. The concept of semiotaxis 510
24. New tendencies in the treatment of collocations 514
25. New developments in the selection of examples 523
V. New developments in lexicographic theory IV: Research in dictionary production and use 531
26. The lexicographical process (with special focus on online dictionaries) 531
27. Theory of dictionary management 538
28. Empirical research into dictionary use since 1990 545
29. Methods in the research of dictionary use 554
30. The concept of simultaneous feedback 562
31. User research in the field of electronic dictionaries: Methods, first results, proposals 570
VI. New developments in lexicographic and metalexicographic organisation 583
32. Lexicographic training: An overview 583
33. Establishing lexicography units 588
34. Lexicographic associations 594
35. Evaluation of dictionaries 601
36. Aids in metalexicographic research 610
VII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 I: The ancient languages of the Near East and the classical languages 626
37. The ancient languages of the Near East 626
38. The ancient languages of Greek and Latin 633
VIII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 II: The Romance languages 650
39. Iberoromance I: Historical and etymological lexicography 650
40. Iberoromance II: Synchronic lexicography 659
41. Gallo-Romance I: Historical and etymological lexicography 667
42. Gallo-Romance II: Synchronic lexicography 677
43. Italian 686
44. Romanian 701
IX. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 III: The Germanic languages 716
45. Scandinavian languages 716
46. English and American I: Historical and etymological lexicography 727
47. English and American II: Synchronic lexicography 734
48. German I: Historical and etymological lexicography 745
49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 756
50. New developments in Dutch lexicography from 1990 onwards 830
51. Aspects of Afrikaans lexicography 841
X. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 IV: The Slavic languages 850
52. East Slavic languages 850
53. South Slavic languages 867
54. West Slavic languages 875
XI. Lexicography of selected Asian languages 886
55. Arabic lexicography 886
56. Chinese lexicography 898
57. Japanese lexicography 907
58. Korean lexicography 914
XII. Lexicography of selected African languages 925
59. Lexicography of the Nguni language 925
60. Lexicography of the Sotho languages 943
61. Lexicography of Shona 961
62. Lexicography of the languages of Central Africa 967
63. Lexicography of Fang 976
64. Lexicography of the languages of Western Africa 978
XIII. The history of computational lexicography 983
65. The early history of computational lexicography: The 1950s and 1960s 983
66. Computational lexicography and corpus linguistics until ca 1970/1980 996
XIV. Typology of electronic dictionaries I: Electronic dictionaries for human use 1015
67. Design criteria and ‘added value’ of electronic dictionaries for human users 1015
68. Monolingual and bilingual electronic dictionaries on the Internet 1027
69. Dictionary portals 1037
70. Electronic pedagogical dictionaries 1049
71. Context-sensitive look-up in electronic dictionaries 1060
72. Large-scale documentary dictionaries on the Internet 1067
73. Electronic Encyclopedias 1083
74. Combined products: Dictionary and corpus 1095
XV. Typology of electronic dictionaries II: Electronic dictionaries for machine use 1105
75. Electronic dictionaries for speech recognition, for its applications and for speech synthesis 1105
76. Electronic dictionaries for text processing and correction systems 1110
77. Electronic language resources for information retrieval, information extraction and text mining 1116
78. Electronic dictionaries for computer-assisted language learning 1129
79. Electronic dictionaries for question answering and natural language database access 1150
80. Electronic dictionaries for Natural Language Generation 1164
81. Electronic dictionaries for Machine Translation and Machine-aided Translation 1175
82. Generic dictionaries for multiple uses in NLP 1200
XVI. Models for the representation of dictionaries: The form aspect 83. Representing human and machine dictionaries in markup languages (SGML, XML) 1209
84. Representing computational dictionaries in relational databases 1223
85. Representing computational dictionaries in feature structure-based representation formalisms and typed feature logic 1241
86. Representing computational dictionaries in AI-oriented knowledge representation formalisms 1248
87. Representing (computational) dictionaries in hypertextual form 1258
88. Representing computational dictionaries in dedicated formalisms: DATR, Word Manager 1268
89. Standardization of the formal representation of lexical information for Natural Language Processing 1280
XVII. Models for the representation of linguistic data in electronic dictionaries: The content aspect 1289
90. Coding word formation morphology in computational dictionaries 1289
91. Coding syntactic properties of words in computational dictionaries 1298
92. Coding semantic properties of words in computational dictionaries 1309
93. WordNet: Principles, developments and applications 1321
94. The FrameNet approach to relating syntax and semantics 1334
95. Metadata description for lexicons 1343
XVIII.Computer-based dictionary making I: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora – corpus design 1350
96. Criteria for the design of corpora for monolingual lexicography 1350
97. The utilization of bilingual corpora for the creation of bilingual dictionaries 1358
98. Large corpora designed for lexicographic work 1370
99. The World Wide Web as a resource for lexicography 1379
XIX. Computer-based dictionary making II: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora and machine readable dictionaries – tools and procedures 1389
100. Corpus pre-processing for lexicography 1389
101. Tools to support the design of a macrostructure 1398
102. Corpus Query Tools for lexicography 1409
103. Tools and procedures for the acquisition of morphological and syntactic information from corpora 1419
104. Tools for the acquisition of lexical combinatorics 1429
105. Tools for lexicographic use of parallel and comparable corpora 1447
106. Reversal of bilingual dictionaries 1459
107. Workbenches for corpus-based lexicography 1469
XX. Computational terminography 1475
108. Models for the representation of terminological data on the computer: Terminological databases · Felix Mayer 1475
109. Large terminological databases · Marie-Claude L’Homme 1494
110. Approaches to the acquisition of terminological data from text 1500
Index of Subjects 1512
Index of Names 1580