From Deprived to Revived (eBook)

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Mikko Heimola, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Summary 5
Preface 7
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Subject and Plan of the Study 13
1.2 The Intellectual Context 17
1.2.1 The Perspective of Complex Adaptive Systems 17
1.2.2 The Modelling Approach 20
1.2.3 Evolution of Religion on Multiple Levels 24
1.2.4 Norm Groups Emerge from Psychological Rudiments 29
1.2.5 Difference to Economist Approaches 31
1.3 Research Questions and Methodology 36
2 Cooperation as a Human Puzzle 41
2.1 Ubiquitous Cooperation 41
2.2 Evolutionary Considerations 43
2.2.1 Kin, Reciprocity, Reputation 43
2.2.2 Cultural Group Selection 46
2.2.3 Costly Signaling 50
2.3 Social Psychology of Norms 53
2.4 The Strategic Role of Emotions 56
2.5 Chapter Conclusions 60
3 Religion as a Solution to Social Dilemmas 62
3.1 Effects of Religion on Prosocial Behavior: Four Predictions 63
3.1.1 Reputational Concern 63
3.1.2 Cues of the Supernatural 64
3.1.3 Morally Concerned Deities 65
3.1.4 Signals of Commitment 66
3.2 Evaluation of the Signaling Hypothesis 70
3.2.1 The Problem of Underlying Quality 71
3.2.2 The Problem of Ideological Content 75
3.2.3 The Problem of Emotions 82
3.3 Chapter Conclusions 85
4 Deprivation, Hazards, and Religious Revivals 86
4.1 The Deprivation Theory 88
4.2 The Hazard-Precaution System 91
4.3 Religion as a Survival Strategy 93
4.4 Collapse and Revival in a Simulated Social Network 95
4.5 Kinds of Revivals and Cultural Inertia 101
4.6 Chapter Conclusions 105
5 Revivalism in early Nineteenth Century Finland 107
5.1 Revivalism as Homogeneous Phenomena 107
5.2 The Socioeconomic Context 111
5.2.1 Land Reforms and Growth of the Agrarian Populace 112
5.2.2 Rigid Economic System under Mercantilism 116
5.2.3 Clergy and the Conventicle Placard 119
5.3 Three Revivals 121
5.3.1 The Jumping Revival 122
5.3.2 The Kuortane Revival 124
5.3.3 Ostrobothnian Skörts 126
6 From the Deprived to the Revived: A Self-Organizatory Process 130
6.1 Social Composition of the Revived 130
6.1.1 The Jumping Revival 131
6.1.2 The Kuortane Revival 134
6.1.3 Ostrobothnian Skörts 136
6.1.4 Comparison of Social Profiles 140
6.2 Self-Organization among the Revived 144
6.2.1 Behavioral Requirements and Group Demarcation 145
6.2.2 Emotional Signaling 148
6.2.3 Evidence of Norm Observance and Cohesion 153
7 Discussion and Conclusions 159
7.1 Summary: Beyond Sociohistorical Explanations 159
7.1.1 Who Had Cause to Communicate Commitment? 161
7.1.2 Was Joining a Revival Costly? 168
7.1.3 Were Conventicles Rituals? 170
7.1.4 Was the God of the Revived a Moralist? 173
7.1.5 Finnish Revivals as Cultural Group Selection 173
7.2 Future Research 175
7.2.1 Reinvestigating the Role of Religious Leadership 175
7.2.2 Simulation Experiments and Religions as Complex Adaptive Systems 178
7.2.3 Revival Movements’ Divergent Trajectories 179
7.2.4 Revivals and Enclosures 180
8 Sources 182
9 References 183
Index 207