Twentieth-Century Europe

Michael D. Richards is Professor Emeritus, Sweet Briar College. He is the author of Revolutions in World History (2003), and has published book chapters, articles, and reviews in scholarly journals, periodicals, and reference works. Paul R. Waibel is Professor of History at Belhaven University. He is the author of Politics of Accommodation (1983), Quiknotes: Christian History (2000), Martin Luther: A Brief Introduction to His Life and Works (2005), and numerous articles and reviews in scholarly journals, periodicals, reference works, and anthologies.

Preface vii

Part 1 Overview: 1900–1919 1

1 Before the Deluge: Europe, 1900–1914 5

2 The Great War, 1914–1918 35

3 Revolution and Peacemaking, 1917–1919 65

Part 2 Overview: 1919–1939 91

4 Aftershocks of the Great War 95

5 Recovery and Prosperity, 1919–1929 117

6 From Depression to War, 1929–1939 145

Part 3 Overview: 1939–1967 171

7 Armageddon: Europe in World War II, 1939–1945 175

8 Cold War and Decolonization, 1945–1961 207

9 Out of the Ashes: From Stunde Null (zero hour) to a New Golden Age, 1945–1967 235

Part 4 Overview: 1968–Present 269

10 Metamorphosis: An Era of Revolutionary Change, 1968–1988 275

11 Searching for Meaning in a Multicultural World 313

12 Charting a New Course: Europe from 1989 to the Present 345

Appendix 379

Index 384