Using Language

John T. Kearns is Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York, Buffalo. He is the author of Deductive Logic, A Programmed Introduction and numerous articles on logic and philosophy.

Acknowledgments

Introduction


1. A Speech-Act Theory
2. The More General Framework
3. The Plan of the Book
4. Some Other Views

1. Intentional Acts


1. Introduction
2. Acts for a Purpose
3. Completable and Completing Acts
4. Complex Acts
5. The Structures of Acts
6. Enabling Acts
7. Trying
8. Instrumental Acts
9. Developing a Theory

2. Linguistic Acts


1. Sentential Acts
2. Illocutionary Acts
3. Audience Participation
4. Habitual Acts
5. Plain and Consummated Acts
6. Propositional Acts
7. Tree Diagrams

3. The System of Language


1. Representational Meaning
2. Inferential Meaning
3. Accepting and Rejecting Sentences
4. Commitment
5. Semantic Features

4. The Role of Experience in the System of Language


1. Experience
2. The Levels of Experience
3. Taking To Be and Taking For
4. The Sentential Structure of Experience
5. First-Level Experience
6. Habitual Acts Again
7. The Structure of the System of Language
8. Systems of Language

5. Semantics


1. Significance with Respect to Experience
2. Experiential Connections
3. Semantics Is Possible
4. Semantic Theories
5. Theories of Representational Meaning
6. The Broader System of Language

6. Logical Form and Grammatical Form


1. The Original Distinction
2. Some Problems with the Distinction
3. Reformulating the Distinction
4. Additional Problems

7. Deep Structure, Surface Structure, Semantic Structure


1. Deep and Surface Structure
2. Abandoning the Linguist's Picture
3. Speech-Act Syntactic Structure
4. Speech-Act Structure Instead of Deep Structure
5. English Adjectives

8. The Language L


1. A Simplification
2. The Syntax and Truth Conditions of L
3. Some Translations
4. Tree Diagrams
5. The First-Order Fragment of L
6. The Deductive System L
7. Soundness and Completeness of L

9. Speech-Act Structures


1. Syntax is Part of Semantics
2. Denoting Acts
3. The Individual Transformation
4. Representing
5. Depicting
6. Picturing
7. Multiple Structures

10. Pronouns and the Language L


1. The Variable Transformation
2. The Reflexive Transformation
3. The Language L
4. Ordinary Pronouns
5. Quantified Antecedents
6. Rethinking the Conditional
7. More Radical Operators

11. A Semantic Account for L: Part 1


1. A Scaled-Down Model
2. Sentential Structures
3. Negation
4. Disjunction and Conjunction
5. The Horseshoe
6. Two Quantifiers

12. A Semantic Account for L: Part 2


1. Representational Meaning
2. The Return of Quantifiers
3. The Name-Like Use of the Indefinite Phrase
4. The Quantifiers 'A' and 'n'
5. The Definite Phrase
6. The Unique Quantifier
7. Passive Voice and Relative Clauses
8. Pronomial Transformations
9. Speech Act Structures

13. More Heuristic Models


1. The Cognitive Map
2. Supplemented Systems of Language
3. Purely Proper Names
4. More of the Same
5. Jobs
6. Referring
7. Referring with other Expressions
8. Presuppositions

14. The Language (L)


1. Some Differences between Referring and Non-referring Uses
2. The New Transformations
3. Some Other Changes
4. More Existential Presuppositions
5. Inferential Meaning

15. Odds and End


1. Lexical Transformations
2. The Broadest System of Language
3. A New Division of Experience
4. Identity and Difference
5. Logical Expressions

Index