Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things

Ian Hodder is Dunlevie Family Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Stanford University. Previously he was Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge. His main large-scale excavation projects have been at Haddenham in the east of England and at Catalhoyuk in Turkey. He has been awarded several awards and honorary degrees. His books include The Leopard's Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Catalhoyuk , The Archaeological Process (Blackwell), The Domestication of Europe (Blackwell), Symbols in Action and Reading the Past .

Epigraph ix List of Figures x Acknowledgments xii 1 Thinking About Things Differently 1 Approaches to Things 1 Themes About Things 3 Things are Not Isolated 3 Things are Not Inert 4 Things Endure over Different Temporalities 5 Things Often Appear as Non-things 5 The Forgetness of Things 6 What Is a Thing? 7 Humans and Things 9 Knowing Things 10 Conclusion: The Objectness of Things 13 2 Humans Depend on Things 15 Dependence: Some Introductory Concepts 17 Forms of Dependence 17 Reflective and Non-reflective Relationships with Things 18 Going Towards and Away From Things 21 Identification and Ownership 23 Approaches to the Human Dependence On Things 27 Being There with Things 27 Material Culture and Materiality 30 Cognition and the Extended Mind 34 Conclusion: Things R Us 38 3 Things Depend on Other Things 40 Forms of Connection between Things 42 Production and Reproduction 42 Exchange 43 Use 43 Consumption 43 Discard 43 Post-deposition 44 Affordances 48 From Affordance to Dependence 51 The French School -- Operational Chains 52 Behavioral Chains 54 Conclusion 58 4 Things Depend on Humans 64 Things Fall Apart 68 Behavioral Archaeology and Material Behavior 70 Behavioral Ecology 74 Human Behavioral Ecology 80 The Temporalities of Things 84 Conclusion: The Unruliness of Things 85 5 Entanglement 88 Other Approaches 89 Latour and Actor Network Theory 91 The Archaeology of Entanglement 94 The Physical Processes of Things 95 Temporalities 98 Forgetness 101 The Tautness of Entanglements 103 Types and Degrees of Entanglement 105 Cores and Peripheries of Entanglements 108 Contingency 109 Conclusion 111 6 Fittingness 113 Nested Fittingness 114 Return to Affordance 115 Coherence: Abstraction, Metaphor, Mimesis and Resonance 119 Abstraction, Metaphor and Mimesis 120 Synaesthesia 124 Resonance 125 Coherence and Resonance at Catalhoyuk 132 Conclusion 135 7 The Evolution and Persistence of Things 138 Evolutionary Approaches 139 Evolutionary Ecology (HBE) 141 Evolutionary Archaeology 142 Dual Inheritance Theory 144 Evolution and Entanglement 147 Niche Construction 149 Evolution at Catalhoyuk 151 Conclusion 156 8 Things happen ... 158 The Complexity of Entanglements 159 Open, Complex and Discontinuous Entanglements 159 Unruly Things: Contingency 159 Conjunction of Temporalities 160 Catalysis: Small Things and the Emergence of Big Effects 163 Is there a Directionality to Entanglements? 167 Some Neolithic Examples 171 Macro-evolutionary Approaches 173 Why Do Entanglements Increase the Rate of Change? 174 Conclusion 177 9 Tracing the Threads 179 Tanglegrams 180 Locating Entanglements 185 Sequencing Entanglements -- at Catalhoyuk 189 Sequencing Entanglements -- the Origins of Agriculture in the Middle East 195 Causality and Directionality 200 Conclusion 204 10 Conclusions 206 The Object Nature of Things 207 Too Much Stuff ? 210 Temporality and Structure 212 Power and Agency 213 To and from Formulaic Reduction 216 Things Again 218 Some Ethical Considerations 220 The Last Thing on my Mind 221 Bibliography 223 Index 245