Appeal to Pity

Douglas Walton is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Winnipeg, Canada. He is the author of numerous books, including Plausible Argument in Everyday Conversation and Commitment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning, both published by SUNY Press, as well as Arguments from Ignorance; Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning; A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy; The Pace of Emotion in Argument; Slippery Slope Arguments; Begging the Question: Circular Reasoning as a Tactic of Argumentation; Practical Reasoning: Goal-Driven, Knowledge-Based, Action-Guiding Argumentation; and Informal Logic: A Handbook for Critical Argumentation.

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1. The Textbook Treatment

1. Irrelevance

2. Appeal to Pity as Inherently Fallacious

3. Not All Cases Fallacious?

4. Legal Cases

5. The Student's Plea Case

6. Excuses as Arguments

7. Charitable Appeals

8. Argument from Consequences

9. Judging the Fallacious Cases

10. Summary

2. Historical Background

1. Origins in the Modern Textbooks

2. Earliest Known Origins of Ad Misericordiam

3. Ancient Use as a Courtroom Tactic

4. Socrates' Rejection of Appeal to Pity

5. Aristotle on Appeal to Pity (Eleos)

6. The Stoic Condemnation of Pity

7. The Christian View of Pity

8. Sympathy as an Ethical Concept

9. Early Modern Views of Pity

I0. Terminological Questions

3. Identifying the Ad Misericordiam As a Type of Argument

1. The Jerry Lewis Telethon for Muscular Dystrophy

2. Negative Attitudes Towards Pity

3. A Definition of Pity

4. Mercy and Pity

5. A Pragmatic Concept of Empathy

6. A Definition of Sympathy

7. Compassion and Pity

8. The Speech on Health Security

9. Classification of the Types of Appeals

10. What's in a Name?

4. The Structure of the Argument

1. Arguments from Negative Consequences

2. Arguments from Need for Help

3. Argument from Distress

4. Charitable Appeals to Pity

5. Practical Reasoning

6. Evaluating Practical Reasoning

7. What Deliberation is About

8. The Case of Walter the Hardnosed Logician

9. Evolutionary Logic of Appeal to Feeling

10. Conclusions Summarized

5. The Nayirah Case

1. Facts of the Case

2. Analysis of the Case

3. Bias and Evidence

4. Evaluation of the Case

5. General Issues

6. The Kairos Factor

7. Staged Appeals to Pity

8. Twisting of the Argument

9. Fallaciousness of the Ad Misericordiam

10. Enstasis and Fallacy

6. When Is It a Fallacy?

1. Informal Logic and Forms of Argument

2. Use with Different Types of Argument

3. Suppressed Critical Questions

4. Impact Out of Context and Perspective

5. The Whole Evidence Requirement

6. Subtypes of Ad Misericordiam Fallacy

7. The Pragmatic View of Fallacy

8. Sensitivity to Context

9. Defining Relevance

10. The Logical Leap from Ethical Premises

7. Evaluation of Case Studies

1. Legal Uses of Appeal to Pity

2. The Menendez Case

3. The Baby Seals

4. Effectiveness of Ad Misericordiam Arguments

5. Comparing Cases

6. Further Comments on Cases

7. The Student's Plea Case Analyzed

8. The Thackeray Case

9. Summary of the Method

10. Revising the Textbooks

Notes

Bibliography

Index