Professional Legal Ethics

Donald Nicolson taught at the Universities of Cape Town, Warwick and Reading before taking up a post at the University of Bristol in 1992. Here he taught jurisprudence, legal methods, criminal law and gender and the law. He also has a research interest in evidence theory. He is currently at the School of Law at the University of Strathclyde. Julian Webb: After completing a research degree at Warwick University in the early 1980s, Julian held various teaching and research posts in London before moving to the University of the West of England, Bristol in 1988, where he was consecutively a senior and principal lecturer in the Law Faculty and, finally, Professor of Socio-Legal Studies. In March 1999 he returned to London as Professor of Law at the University of Westminster, where he continues to teach and research in the areas of dispute resolution, legal ethics and legal education.

1. INTRODUCTION ; LAWYERS AND JUSTICE ; DEFINING PROFESSIONAL LEGAL ETHICS ; AIMS, METHODS AND ARGUMENTS ; 2. THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE CONTENT AND STATUS OF ETHICS ; INTRODUCTION ; THE SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS ; DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS ; CONSEQUENTIALISM ; VIRTUE ETHICS ; PSYCHOLOGY, FEMINISM AND THE ETHIC OF CARE ; POSTMODERNISM AND THE ETHICS OF ALTERITY ; CONCLUSION ; 3. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT: PROFESSIONAL DEALS AND INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS ; INTRODUCTION ; THE IDEALS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSIONS ; THE PROCEDURAL CONTEXT ; PROFESSIONAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS ; THE DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ; THE EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT ; THE BUSINESS CONTEXT ; CONCLUSIONS ; 4. THE REGULATORY CONTEXT: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL SELF-REGULATION ; INTRODUCTION ; THE INSTITUTIONS OF SELF-REGULATION ; CODES OF CONDUCT ; THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ; 5. DUTIES TO THE CLIENT: AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN THE LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP ; INTRODUCTION ; BOUNDARIES OF AUTONOMY ; THE LEGAL BASIS OF LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONS ; CONTROL IN THE LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP ; AUTONOMY: A CRITIQUE AND RE-EVALUATION ; RECONCEPTUALISING DUTIES TO THE CLIENT ; CONCLUSION: IMPLICATION FOR THE FORM AND FOCUS OF CODES ; 6. THE LAWYERS AMORAL ROLE AND LAWYER IMMORALITY ; INTRODUCTION ; THE LAWYERS AMORAL ROLE ; CRITICISMS OF LAWYER BEHAVIOUR ; CONCLUSION ; 7. JUSTIFYING NEUTRAL PARTISANSHIP ; INTRODUCTION ; NEUTRAL PARTISANSHIP AND ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM ; NEUTRAL PARTISANSHIP AND LIBERAL VALUES ; NEUTRAL PARTISANSHIP AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF LIBERAL GOVERNMENT ; CONCLUSION ; 8. REFORMING THE LAWYERS AMORAL ROLE ; INTRODUCTION ; ALTERNATIVES TO NEUTRAL PARTISANSHIP ; MORAL ACTIVISM AND ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS ; A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO IMMORAL ENDS AND MEANS ; IMMORAL ENDS AND DECISIONS TO REPRESENT ; IMMORAL MEANS AND LAWYER TACTICS ; A DECISION MAKING SCHEMA FOR MORALLY ACTIVIST LAWYERS ; 9. CONFIDENTIALITY ; INTRODUCTION ; THE CURRENT POSITION ; CRITICISMS OF THE CURRENT POSITION ; JUSITFYING CONFIDENTIALITY ; A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO CONFIDENTIALITY ; CONCLUSION ; 10. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A MORE ETHICAL PROFESSION ; THE DOMINANCE OF FORMALISM AND LIBERALISM ; THE CONTEXTUAL ALTERNATIVE ; POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS TO A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH ; INSTITUTIONALISING AN ETHICAL PROFESSIONALISM