Logic

Stan Baronett is the author of Logic, First Edition.

EACH CHAPTER ENDS WITH A SUMMARY, KEY TERMS, AND A LOGIC CHALLENGE; PART I. SETTING THE STAGE; CHAPTER 1. WHAT LOGIC STUDIES; A. STATEMENTS AND ARGUMENTS; B. RECOGNIZING ARGUMENTS; C. ARGUMENTS AND EXPLANATIONS; D. TRUTH AND LOGIC; E. DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS; F. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS: VALIDITY AND TRUTH; Logical Form; Counterexamples; G. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS: STRENGTH AND TRUTH; TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS; PART II. INFORMAL LOGIC; CHAPTER 2. LANGUAGE MATTERS; A. INTENSION AND EXTENSION; Terms, Use, and Mention; Two Kinds of Meaning; Proper Names; B. USING INTENSIONAL DEFINITIONS; Synonymous Definitions; Word Origin Definitions; Operational Definitions; Definition by Genus and Difference; C. USING EXTENSIONAL DEFINITIONS; Ostensive Definitions; Enumerative Definitions; Definition by Subclass; D. APPLYING DEFINITIONS; Stipulative Definitions; Lexical Definitions; Functional Definitions; Precising Definitions; Theoretical Definitions; Persuasive Definitions; E. GUIDELINES FOR INFORMATIVE DEFINITIONS; F. COGNITIVE AND EMOTIVE MEANING; G. FACTUAL AND VERBAL DISPUTES; CHAPTER 3. DIAGRAMS AND ANALYSIS; A. THE BASICS OF DIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTS; B. INCOMPLETE ARGUMENTS; C. RHETORICAL LANGUAGE; Rhetorical Questions; Rhetorical Conditionals; Rhetorical Disjunctions; D. NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS; CHAPTER 4. INFORMAL FALLACIES; A. FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE; 1. Argument Against the Person; 2. Tu Quoque; 3. Appeal to the People; 4. Appeal to Pity; 5. Appeal to Force; 6. Appeal to Ignorance; 7. Missing the Point; 8. Appeal to an Unqualified Authority; Summary of Fallacies of Relevance; B. FALLACIES OF UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTION; 9. Begging the Question; 10. Complex Question; 11. Biased Sample; 12. Accident; 13. Hasty Generalization; 14. Misleading Precision; 15. False Dichotomy; 16. False Dilemma; 17. Coincidence; 18. Post Hoc Fallacy; 19. Common Cause Fallacy; 20. Slippery Slope; Summary of Fallacies of Unwarranted Assumption; C. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY OR DIVERSION; 21. Equivocation; 22. Amphiboly; 23. Composition; 24. Division; 25. Emphasis; 26. Straw Man Fallacy; 27. Red Herring Fallacy; Summary of Fallacies of Ambiguity or Diversion; D. RECOGNIZING FALLACIES IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE; PART III. FORMAL LOGIC; CHAPTER 5. CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS; A. CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS; B. QUANTITY, QUALITY, AND DISTRIBUTION; C. THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION; D. CONVERSION, OBVERSION, AND CONTRAPOSITION; Conversion; Obversion; Contraposition; E. EXISTENTIAL IMPORT; F. THE MODERN SQUARE OF OPPOSITION; G. CONVERSION, OBVERSION, AND CONTRAPOSITION REVISITED; H. VENN DIAGRAMS AND THE TRADITIONAL SQUARE; I. TRANSLATING ORDINARY LANGUAGE INTO CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS; Missing Plural Nouns; Nonstandard Verbs; Singular Propositions; Adverbs and Pronouns; "It Is False That ..."; Implied Quantifiers; Nonstandard Quantifiers; Conditional Statements; Exclusive Propositions; "The Only"; Propositions Requiring Two Translations; CHAPTER 6. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS; A. STANDARD-FORM CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS; B. DIAGRAMMING IN THE MODERN INTERPRETATION; Diagramming A-propositions; Diagramming E-propositions; Diagramming I-propositions; Diagramming O-propositions; Wrapping Up the X; Is the Syllogism Valid?; C. DIAGRAMMING IN THE TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION; A-propositions; E-propositions; When Both Interpretations Give the Same Results; D. MOOD AND FIGURE; E. RULES AND FALLACIES; F. ORDINARY LANGUAGE ARGUMENTS; Reducing the Number of Terms in an Argument; Paraphrasing Ordinary Language Arguments; Categorical Propositions and Multiple Arguments; G. ENTHYMEMES; H. SORITES; CHAPTER 7. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC; A. LOGICAL OPERATORS AND TRANSLATIONS; Simple and Compound Statements; Negation; Conjunction; Disjunction; Conditional Statements; Distinguishing "If" from "Only if"; Biconditional; B. COMPLEX STATEMENTS; Well-Formed Formulas; Main Operator; Translations and the Main Operator; C. TRUTH FUNCTIONS; Defining the Five Logical Operators; Negation; Conjunction; Disjunction; Conditional; Biconditional; Operator Truth Tables and Ordinary Language; D. TRUTH TABLES FOR PROPOSITIONS; Arranging the Truth Values; The Order of Operations; Propositions with Assigned Truth Values; E. CONTINGENT AND NONCONTINGENT STATEMENTS; Tautology; Self-Contradiction; F. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE; G. CONTRADICTORY, CONSISTENT, AND INCONSISTENT STATEMENTS; H. TRUTH TABLES FOR ARGUMENTS; Validity; Technical Validity; I. INDIRECT TRUTH TABLES; Thinking Through An Argument; A Shorter Truth Table; Necessary and Sufficient Conditions; Argument Form; Examining Statements for Consistency; CHAPTER 8. NATURAL DEDUCTION; A. NATURAL DEDUCTION; B. IMPLICATION RULES I; Modus Ponens (MP); Modus Tollens (MT); Hypothetical Syllogism (HS); Disjunctive Syllogism (DS); Justification--Applying the Rules of Inference; C. TACTICS AND STRATEGY; Working Through a Proof; D. IMPLICATION RULES II; Constructive Dilemma (CD); Simplification (Simp); Conjunction (Conj); Addition (Add); E. REPLACEMENT RULES I; De Morgan (DM); Commutation (Com); Association (Assoc); Distribution (Dist); Double Negation (DN); F. REPLACEMENT RULES II; Transposition (Trans); Material Implication (Impl); Material Equivalence (Equiv); Exportation (Exp); Tautology (Taut); G. CONDITIONAL PROOF; H. INDIRECT PROOF; CHAPTER 9. PREDICATE LOGIC; A. TRANSLATING ORDINARY LANGUAGE; Singular Statements; Universal Statements; Particular Statements; Paying Attention to Meaning; B. FOUR NEW RULES OF INFERENCE; Universal Instantiation; Universal Generalization; Existential Generalization; Existential Instantiation; Summary of the Four Rules; Tactics and Strategy; C. CHANGE OF QUANTIFIER; D. CONDITIONAL AND INDIRECT PROOF; Conditional Proof; Indirect Proof; E. PROVING INVALIDITY; Counterexample Method; Finite Universe Method; Indirect Truth Tables; F. RELATIONAL PREDICATES; Translations; Proofs; A New Restriction; Change of Quantifier; Conditional Proof and Indirect Proof; G. IDENTITY; Simple Identity Statements; "Only"; "The Only"; "No ... Except"; "All Except"; Superlatives; "At Most"; "At Least"; "Exactly"; Definite Descriptions; Summary of Identity Translations; Proofs; PART IV. INDUCTIVE LOGIC; CHAPTER 10. ANALOGICAL ARGUMENTS; A. THE FRAMEWORK OF ANALOGICAL ARGUMENTS; B. ANALYZING ANALOGICAL ARGUMENTS; Criteria for Analyzing Analogical Arguments; C. STRATEGIES OF EVALUATION; Disanalogies; Counteranalogy; Unintended Consequences; Combining Strategies; CHAPTER 11. LEGAL ARGUMENTS; A. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning; B. Conditional Statements; C. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions; D. Disjunction and Conjunction; E. Analyzing a Complex Rule; F. ANALOGIES; G. THE ROLE OF PRECEDENT; CHAPTER 12. MORAL ARGUMENTS; A. VALUE JUDGMENTS; Justifying "Should"; Types of Value Judgments; Taste and Value; B. MORAL THEORIES; Emotivism; Consequentialism; Egoism; Utilitarianism; Deontology; Situation Ethics; Relativism; Contrasting Moral Theories; C. THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY; D. THE STRUCTURE OF MORAL ARGUMENTS; E. ANALOGIES AND MORAL ARGUMENTS; F. JUSTIFYING MORAL PREMISES; CHAPTER 13. STATISTICAL ARGUMENTS AND PROBABILITY; A. SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS; B. STATISTICAL AVERAGES; C. STANDARD DEVIATION; Dividing the Curve; The Size of the Standard Deviation; How to Calculate Standard Deviation; D. WHAT IF THE RESULTS ARE SKEWED?; E. THE MISUSE OF STATISTICS; F. PROBABILITY THEORIES; A Priori Theory; Relative Frequency Theory; Subjectivist Theory; G. PROBABILITY CALCULUS; Conjunction Methods; Disjunction Methods; Negation Method; H. TRUE ODDS IN GAMES OF CHANCE; I. BAYESIAN THEORY; CHAPTER 14. CAUSALITY AND SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTS; A. CAUSALITY; B. MILL'S METHODS; Method of Agreement; Method of Difference; Joint Method of Agreement and Difference; Method of Residues; Method of Concomitant Variations; Check Your Understanding 14B; C. LIMITATIONS OF MILL'S METHODS; D. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE; E. INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION; F. HYPOTHESIS TESTING, EXPERIMENTS, AND PREDICTIONS; Controlled Experiments; Determining Causality; G. SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION; The Need for a Fair Test; Verifiable Predictions; Nontrivial Predictions; Connecting the Hypothesis and Prediction; Science and Superstition; The Allure of Superstition; CHAPTER 15. ANALYZING A LONG ESSAY; A. CHILDBED FEVER; B. VIENNA; C. MIASM AND CONTAGION; D. SEMMELWEIS' ACCOUNT OF THE DISCOVERY; SUMMARY OF SEMMELWEIS' ACCOUNT; E. INITIAL QUESTIONS; F. A NEW INTERPRETATION