Youth Gambling (eBook)

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Jeffrey L. Derevensky, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Daniel T. L. Shek, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, China; Joav Merrick, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Health Services, Ministry of Social Affairs, Jerusalem, Israel.

Foreword 11
Author Index 17
INTRODUCTION 19
1 Adolescent gambling 21
2 Understanding the etiology of youth gambling problems 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Biology 25
2.3 Individual factors 26
2.4 Life experiences 27
2.5 Environmental factors 28
2.6 Theoretical frameworks 28
2.6.1 General theory of addictions 29
2.6.2 Pathways model 30
PREVALENCE OF YOUTH GAMBLING AND PROBLEM GAMBLING 37
3 An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 United States of America 40
3.2.1 Early period (1984–1989) 40
3.2.2 Middle period (1990–1999) 47
3.2.3 Present period (2000–2009) 49
3.3 Canada 51
3.3.1 Early investigations (1988–1995) 51
3.3.2 Recent period (1999–2009) 52
3.4 Europe 54
3.4.1 Baltic and Balkan states 55
3.4.2 Germany and Belgium 56
3.4.3 Latin Europe 56
3.4.4 Great Britain 57
3.4.5 Nordic countries 58
3.5 Australia and New Zealand 61
3.5.1 Survey studies in Australia and New Zealand 61
3.5.2 Variations in activity preferences and individual differences 62
3.5.3 Links between adolescent and adult gambling 63
3.6 Conclusions 63
CORRELATES, RISK, AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUTH GAMBLING 75
4 Youth problem gambling: Our current knowledge of risk and protective factors 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Demographic factors 79
4.3 Gender 79
4.4 Racial and ethnic groups 79
4.5 Personality 80
4.6 Impulsivity 80
4.7 Risk behavior 81
4.8 Coping styles 81
4.9 Mental health factors 82
4.10 ADHD 83
4.11 Academic achievement 83
4.12 Substance abuse 84
4.13 Delinquency 85
4.14 Interpersonal relationships 85
4.15 Peers 86
4.16 Community 87
4.17 Marketing 88
4.18 Societal influences 89
4.19 Conclusions 90
5 Defining and assessing binge gambling 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Background 98
5.3 Context 101
5.4 Our pilot study 101
5.4.1 Instruments 101
5.4.2 Data collection procedure 102
5.5 Our findings 102
5.5.1 Gambling participation and classification 102
5.5.2 Part A: Analysis of usefulness of questions 103
5.5.3 Part A: Scale reliability 104
5.5.4 Part B: Qualitative descriptors of binge gambling 105
5.5.5 Reasons why binges end 106
5.5.6 Episode duration 106
5.5.7 Length of time between episodes 107
5.6 Prevalence of binge gambling 108
5.7 Relationship of binge gambling to binge drinking and heavy alcohol use 108
5.8 Toward building a construct of binge gambling 109
5.9 Discussion 109
Appendix A Modified binge gambling screen for adolescents and young adults 115
Appendix B Quick binge gambling screen 115
6 Positive youth development and intention to gamble 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Our experience 119
6.3 Our findings 120
6.4 Discussion 124
7 Relationship between positive youth development and intention to gamble among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Our research design 133
7.3 Our findings 134
7.4 Discussion 138
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN YOUTH GAMBLING 141
8 Remote gambling in adolescence 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Background 143
8.3 Empirical studies on adolescent Internet gambling 144
8.4 Online gambling-like experiences among adolescents 151
8.4.1 Adolescent gambling via social networking sites 152
8.4.2 Adolescent gambling via online penny auction sites 153
8.5 Adolescent gambling via mobile phone 154
8.6 Conclusions 155
ASSESSMENT TOOLS 163
9 A critical review of adolescent problem gambling assessment instruments 165
9.1 Introduction 165
9.2 South Oaks Gambling Screen–Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA) 171
9.3 DSM-IV-J and DSM-IV-MR-J (J = Juvenile) (MR = Multiple Response) 175
9.4 Massachusetts Gambling Screen (MAGS) 177
9.5 Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) 178
9.6 Conclusions 179
TREATING YOUTH PROBLEM GAMBLERS 183
10 Treatment of adolescent gambling problems: More art than science? 185
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Treating youth: The McGill treatment approach 188
10.3 Steps of treatment 190
10.3.1 Intake interviews 190
10.3.2 Therapy 192
10.3.3 Preparation for cessation of treatment and relapse prevention 198
10.4 Enhancing a social responsibility perspective 199
10.5 Concluding comments 200
11 Seeking help online: A new approach for youth-specific gambling interventions 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.2 Internet use 206
11.3 Rationale for internet therapy and online interventions 207
11.4 Internet therapy and online interventions for adolescents 208
11.5 Internet therapy and online interventions for young adults 210
11.6 Internet therapy and online interventions for problem gambling 212
11.7 Conclusions 214
12 Adolescent problem gambling: Pharmacological treatment options 219
12.1 Introduction 219
12.2 Pharmacotherapy 220
12.2.1 Opioid antagonists 220
12.2.2 Antidepressants 221
12.2.3 Glutamatergic agents 223
12.2.4 Mood stabilizers 224
12.2.5 Atypical antipsychotics 224
12.3 Conclusions 225
PREVENTION INITIATIVES 229
13 Youth gambling prevention initiatives: A decade of research 231
13.1 Introduction 231
13.2 Prevention programs 233
13.3 Abstinence versus harm reduction approach 234
13.4 Gambling as a socially acceptable activity 236
13.5 Harm-reduction prevention programs 236
13.6 Resilience 237
13.7 Current prevention programs 239
13.8 Commonalities and differences among programs 239
13.9 Gambling prevention programs 240
13.9.1 The Amazing Chateau (grades 4–7) and Hooked City (grades 7–12) 241
13.9.2 Youth Awareness and Prevention Workshops (Levels I & II)
13.9.3 Clean Break 241
13.9.4 Know Limits 241
13.10 Mental health 242
13.11 New directions 242
13.12 Prevention and social policy 243
14 Prevention of gambling problems in adolescents: The role of problem gambling assessment instruments and positive youth development programs 249
14.1 Introduction 249
14.2 Prevention of problem gambling in adolescents 250
14.2.1 Relevance of problem gambling assessment frameworks to adolescent problem gambling prevention 251
14.2.2 An alternative but complementary approach: Positive youth development 253
14.2.3 The development of positive youth development programs in Hong Kong 256
14.3 Discussion 257
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 263
15 About the editors 265
16 The International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors (Centre International d’étude sur le jeu et les comportements à risque chez les jeunes) 267
16.1 Background 267
16.2 The context for the development of the International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors 268
16.3 An international center 269
16.4 Research 270
16.5 Training and service 270
16.6 Treatment 271
16.7 Prevention and public awareness 271
16.8 Information dissemination 271
16.9 Policy development 272
17 About the Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 273
18 About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel 275
18.1 Mission 275
18.2 Service and academic activities 275
18.3 Research activities 275
18.4 National collaborations 276
18.5 International collaborations 276
18.6 Targets 277
Index 279