Primate Models of Children's Health and Developmental Disabilities (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 10
Abbreviations 14
Chapter 1 Developmental Disabilities and Primate Models Defined 18
INTRODUCTION 18
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY DEFINED? 20
PRIMATE MODELS DEFINED 21
NATURAL PRIMATE MODELS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 23
THE FUTURE OF PRIMATE MODELS 26
REFERENCES 26
Chapter 2 The Origin of Developmental Psychopathologies: Insights from Nonhuman Primate Studies 28
INTRODUCTION 28
SOCIAL COGNITION AND THE SOCIAL BRAIN 29
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SKILLS IN MACAQUES 34
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL BRAIN IN MACAQUES 36
BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING SELECTIVE NEONATAL LESIONS 38
IMPLICATION FOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES IN HUMANS 43
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE STUDIES 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49
REFERENCES 49
Chapter 3 Macaque Models of Visual Development and Disability 62
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF VISION IN MACAQUE MONKEYS 62
VISUAL DISABILITY IN CHILDHOOD 65
EFFECTS OF VISUAL EXPERIENCE ON VISUAL DEVELOPMENT 67
NUTRITION AND VISUAL DEVELOPMENT 80
CONCLUSIONS 80
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 4 Spontaneous and Experimentally Induced Autoimmune Diseases in Nonhuman Primates 88
INTRODUCTION 88
IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 92
SPONTANEOUS AUTOIMMUNITY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 95
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 98
ARTHRITIS MODELS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 108
REFERENCES 118
Chapter 5 Self-injurious Behavior: Nonhuman Primate Models for the Human Condition 126
EXPRESSION OF SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 126
DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 129
TREATMENT 140
CONCLUSIONS 146
REFERENCES 149
Chapter 6 Abnormal Behavior in Nonhuman Primates and Models of Development 158
INTRODUCTION 158
TYPES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN MACAQUES 158
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR 161
THE FUNCTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN PRIMATES AND RELATIONSHIP TO MODELS 171
REFERENCES 173
Chapter 7 Neurochemistry and Behavior: Nonhuman Primate Studies 178
INTRODUCTION 178
THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN CNS DEVELOPMENT 181
ATTACHMENT 182
AGGRESSION 187
BIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES OF AGGRESSION 189
ETIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 200
GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS 201
GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 202
CONCLUSIONS 203
REFERENCES 203
Chapter 8 Assessing Environmental Complexity for Both Normal and Deviant Development 218
INTRODUCTION 218
SENSATION 222
NOVELTY 224
COMPLEXITY 225
A THEORETICAL PROPOSAL 227
AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL 230
RESPONSIVENESS TO THE ENVIRONMENT 233
CONCLUSION 241
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 241
REFERENCES 242
Chapter 9 Prenatal Stress Influences on Neurobehavior, Stress Reactivity, and Dopaminergic Function in Rhesus Macaques 248
HUMAN STUDIES 249
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF PRENATAL STRESS EFFECTS 252
MATERNAL STRESS HORMONES 253
MORPHOLOGICAL AND NEUROTRANSMITTER CHANGES IN PRENATALLY-STRESSED ANIMALS 254
ADVANTAGES OF THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODEL OF PRENATAL STRESS EFFECTS 255
NONHUMAN PRIMATE PRENATAL STRESS STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE 256
PRENATAL STRESS EFFECTS IN RHESUS MONKEYS ON NEUROBEHAVIOR, HPA AXIS REGULATION, AND BRAIN FUNCTION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 256
PRENATAL STRESS AND FETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE 258
INFANT OUTCOME VARIABLES 258
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS REGULATION 263
STRIATAL DOPAMINE FUNCTION 264
SENSORY PROCESSING 266
SUMMARY 268
REFERENCES 269
Chapter 10 Pediatric AIDS: Maternal„Fetal and Maternal„Infant Transmission of Lentiviruses and Effects on Infant Development in Nonhuman Primates 276
INTRODUCTION 276
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES IN HIV-INFECTED INFANTS AND CHILDREN 279
REVIEW OF LENTIVIRUS MODELS FOR AIDS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 280
EFFECTS OF INFECTION ON INFANT DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROBIOLOGY 284
APPLICATIONS OF THE MODELS FOR ANTIVIRAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO LIMIT VIRAL SPREAD AND MAINTAIN CD4 CELLS 288
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO REDUCE DEVELOPMENT DISABILITIES 292
DEDICATION 293
REFERENCES 293
Chapter 11 Endocrine Disruption during Brain Development of Nonhuman Primates 300
INTRODUCTION 300
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 301
ARE NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODELS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION ON SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BRAIN IN HUMANS? 302
OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT NONHUMAN PRIMATE STUDIES 303
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS – PRENATAL INTERVENTIONS 306
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS – POSTNATAL INTERVENTIONS 308
PRE/POSTNATAL INTERVENTIONS AND COGNITION 310
INTERVENTIONS IN THE JUVENILE PERIOD 312
IMPORTANT DATA GAPS 313
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 314
DISCLAIMER 314
REFERENCES 314
Chapter 12 Exposure to Drugs of Abuse: Alterations in Nonhuman Primate Development as Models of Adverse Consequences 318
INTRODUCTION 318
METHODS FOR ASSESSING COMPLEX BRAIN FUNCTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 320
ALTERED BRAIN FUNCTION AFTER EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE DURING DEVELOPMENT 324
COMMENTS 334
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 334
REFERENCES 335
Chapter 13 The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Evaluating the Safety of Therapeutic Medications Used During Pregnancy 342
INTRODUCTION 342
THERAPEUTIC USES OF DRUGS DURING HUMAN PREGNANCY 343
FETAL SAFETY AND IMPACT OF DRUGS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT 345
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE ANIMAL MODEL 348
EFFECTS OF DRUG EXPOSURES VIA BREASTMILK 352
TERATOGENS OF SPECIAL INTEREST 352
SAFETY OF DRUGS USED DURING PREGNANCY 360
OTHER DRUGS OF INTEREST 380
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 383
REFERENCES 384
Chapter 14 Exposure to Environmental Chemicals and Developmental Risk: Contributions from Studies with Monkeys 394
INTRODUCTION 394
DEFINING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS IN CHILDREN 395
MONKEYS AS MODELS FOR CHILDHOOD CHEMICAL EXPOSURES 397
MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 400
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 424
REFERENCES 424
Chapter 15 Future Directions: Assisted Reproductive Technologies as Tools for Creating Nonhuman Primate Models of Developmental Disability 438
INTRODUCTION 438
BRIEF HISTORY AND STATUS OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE ARTS 439
ARTS AND DISEASE MODELS: OF MICE AND MONKEYS 441
IDENTICAL ANIMALS: WHY CLONE, WHEN YOU CAN TWIN? 442
MONOZYGOTIC TWIN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 443
NONHUMAN PRIMATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 448
TWIN AND EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-BASED MODELS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 453
LIMITATIONS AND SUPPORT FOR THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 456
SUMMARY 457
REFERENCES 458
Index 462
A 462
B 463
C 463
D 464
E 464
F 465
G 465
H 465
I 465
J 466
K 466
L 466
M 466
N 467
O 467
P 468
Q 468
R 468
S 468
T 470
U 470
V 470
W 470
Z 470
Plate Section 472