Argument Structure: (eBook)

Preface 7
Origins of the Chapters 14
Contents 15
1 An Approach to Argument Macrostructure 17
1.1 Introduction---Some Basic Preliminaries 17
1.2 The Standard Approach 19
1.3 Toulmins Layout of Arguments 26
1.4 Integrating the Standard Approach and the Toulmin Model 28
1.5 The Extended Standard Approach and the Toulmin Model 45
1.6 Concluding Remarks 45
Appendix 1: Comparison with Wigmores Chart Method 47
Appendix 2: Comparison with Pollocks Inference Graphs 50
2 The Dialectical Nature of Argument 55
2.1 Dialogical Situations and Dialectical Situations 55
2.2 What Makes Dialectical Situations Dialectical? 56
2.3 The Basic Dialectical Situation as a Model for Argument 58
2.4 Some Other Dialectical Views on Argument 62
2.5 Two Possible Problems for Our Approach: Demonstrations and Inferences 64
2.6 But is Our Model Really Dialectical? 69
3 Toulmins Problematic Notion of Warrant 75
3.1 Warrants and Arguments as Process 76
3.2 What are Warrants? 78
3.3 Toulmin on Certain Syllogisms 79
3.4 Ryle on Conditionals 86
3.5 Mill on the Syllogism 92
3.6 Warrants as Always Implicit, if not Explicit in Arguments as Products 96
3.7 Some Problems With This View 99
4 The Linked-Convergent Distinction---A First Approximation 105
4.1 The Problem Encountered 105
4.2 Motivating the Linked-Convergent Through the Relevance-Ground Adequacy Distinction 110
4.3 Testing Our Account of the Distinction 112
4.4 Implication of Rebuttals for the Linked-Convergent Distinction 120
5 Argument Structure and Disciplinary Perspective: The Linked-Convergent Versus Multiple-Co-ordinatively Compound Distinctions 122
5.1 The Multiple-Co-ordinatively Compound Distinction 123
5.2 Contrast with the Linked-Convergent Distinction 127
5.3 Resolving Conflicting Accounts of the Linked-Convergent Distinction 128
5.4 Postscript--Modalities, Defeaters, Counter-Defeaters in Disciplinary Perspective 134
6 The Linked-Convergent Distinction--Refining the Criterion 144
6.1 Dependent Versus Independent Relevance Explicated 144
6.2 Tests for the Linked-Convergent Distinction on Waltons Systematic Presentation 156
6.3 Complementary Arguments--a Third Structure Beside Linked and Convergent 163
6.4 Further Critiques, Clarifications, and Replies 164
6.4.1 Bassham's Challenging Example 165
6.4.2 Must We Admit an Additional Type of Structure? 165
6.4.3 Does Analysis Always Precede Evaluation? 169
6.4.4 Direct Criticisms of the Relevance Test 173
6.4.5 Should We Even Want to Make the Linked-Convergent Distinction? 179
7 Argument Structure and Enthymemes 187
7.1 Hitchcocks Challenge to the Notion of Non-Explicit Premises and His Alternative 189
7.2 Problems with Hitchcocks Analysis 197
7.3 A Middle Way: Discerning Inference Licences and Non-Explicit Premises 200
7.4 Advantages of This Middle Way 203
7.4.1 Our Procedure Avoids Reading Assumptions Into Arguments 203
7.4.2 Our Procedure Avoids ''Deductive Chauvinism'' 206
7.5 Enthymemes and the Borderline Between Argument Analysis and Evaluation 208
8 From Analysis to Evaluation 210
8.1 Convergent Arguments and Determining the Combined Weight of Premises 210
8.2 Premises, Uncountered Defeaters, and Conjunctions 213
8.3 Pollocks Inference Graphs and the Issue of Argument Evaluation 214
References 218
Index 222