Development of Normal Fetal Movements (eBook)

Tilte page 3
Copyright page 4
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Table of Contents 10
Introduction 12
References 16
1 General Movements 18
1.1 General Movements: 7–16 weeks 19
1.2 Length of the Feet and Epidermal Ridges 22
1.3 General Movements: 17–25 weeks 23
1.4 General Movements: Frequency and Duration 27
1.5 Central Pattern Generators 27
References 29
2 Startles, Twitches and Clonuses 30
2.1 Startles 30
2.2 Twitches 36
2.3 Clonuses 38
References 38
3 Hiccups, Yawning and Gasping 40
3.1 Hiccups 40
3.2 Yawning 44
3.3 Gasping 47
References 48
4 Fetal Breathing Movements 50
4.1 Fetal Breathing Movements: General Features 51
4.2 Fetal Breathing Movements: Non-Coincidence with other Behavioural Events 52
4.3 Apnoeic Pauses 53
4.4 Possible Functional Significance 55
4.5 Neurological Substrate 56
References 57
5 Swallowing, Sucking, and Handedness as Inferred from Fetal Thumb Sucking 59
5.1 Swallowing and Sucking: General Features 59
5.2 Swallowing: Development 60
5.3 Fetal Swallowing: Possible Functions 63
5.4 Swallowing: Possible Regulation 64
5.5 Handedness in the Human Fetus as Assessed by Thumb-Sucking 64
References 67
6 Localized Movements 68
6.1 Hand and Arm Movements 70
6.2 Leg Movements 80
References 84
7 Facial Expressions 85
7.1 Basic Emotions 86
7.2 Cross-Modal Integration 88
7.3 Preparing for Post-Natal Communications 90
7.4 Parental Reactions 91
7.5 Yawning: a Form of Communicating? 93
References 94
8 Rest-Activity Cycles, Clusters and the Ontogeny of Sleep 95
8.1 Sleep in Children 96
8.2 Behavioural States in Premature Infants and Mature Fetuses 96
8.3 Early Fetal Functioning: Rest-Activity Cycles and Clusters of Activities 97
8.3.1 Ontogeny of Sleep and its Possible Precursors 100
References 102
9 Twin Fetuses and Twin Myths 104
9.1 Beginnings of Intrapair Stimulation and its Relevance for Our Knowledge of the Sensory Capacities of All Fetuses 104
9.2 Features of Rest Cycles Revealed by Twins 106
9.3 Similarities and Differences 107
9.4 Behavioural Individuality 111
9.5 Universal Myths 111
9.6 Twins: Open to Mutual Communication 112
9.7 Maternal Emotions and their Impact on the Twin Fetus 112
9.8 Bereavement in the Twin Fetus 113
References 113
10 Conclusions. Movement is Life 114
10.1 Fetal Movements: Varied and Varying Functions 114
10.2 Shaping a Sense of our Boundaries 116
10.3 Building a Body Schema and a Proto-Sense of Self 117
10.4 Forming the Cortical Homunculus and its Curious Layout? 118
10.5 Building on Expressive Repertoire 119
References 120
Glossary 121
Subject Index 137