National Regulation of Space Activities (eBook)
XXVIII, 500 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9008-9 (ISBN)
The legal regime of outer space, as enshrined in the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (General Assembly Resolution 1962 (XVIII), adopted in 1963, and in the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, while prohibiting the appropriation of space by any means, envisages exploration for the bene?t and in the interest of all countries on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Freedom of scienti?c investigation is also contemplated. Elaborating on these instruments, the Assembly in 1996 adopted the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (RES 51/122), in which it called for heightened international co-operation, with part- ular attention to be given to the bene?t for and the interests of developing countries and countries with nascent space programmes. Thus, it is self-evident that the outer space regime, including the 1972 Liability Convention, envisages the conduct of national activities "e;for the bene?t and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scienti?c dev- opment"e;. In this regard, Article 6 of the 1967 Treaty not only provides for national activities in outer space, but for international responsibility whether such activities are carried out by governmental agencies or non-governmental entities, and aims at ensuring that national activities are conducted in conformity with the Treaty.
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgements 11
Contents 12
Contributors 14
About the Editor 16
About the Authors 17
1 International Space Law: A Basis for National Regulation 26
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 Outer Space Treaty 30
1.3 Liability Convention 34
1.4 Registration Convention 35
1.5 Application of the Concept of the Launching State 37
1.6 International Telecommunication Law 38
1.7 Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines 42
1.8 Export Controls 43
1.9 Conclusion 46
2 Regulation of Space Activities in Argentina 47
2.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulation 47
2.1.1 Law-Making Processes 47
2.1.2 Basic Principles of National Laws 48
2.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 49
2.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 50
2.2.1 Safety Concerns 52
2.2.2 Continuing Supervision 53
2.2.3 Argentine Space Object Registry 53
2.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 54
2.3.1 General Satellite Telecommunications Framework 55
2.3.2 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators (Both National and Foreign) 56
2.3.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Services 56
2.3.2.2 Non Geostationary Satellites 59
2.4 Conclusion 59
3 Regulation of Space Activities in Australia 60
3.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government and Legal Regulation 60
3.1.1 The Australian Legal System 60
3.1.2 Australia's Early Involvement in Space Activities 61
3.1.3 Space Policy in Australia 63
3.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services 67
3.2.1 History and Objectives 67
3.2.2 Broad Outline of the Legislation 71
3.2.2.1 Establishment of the Space Licensing and Safety Office 75
3.2.2.2 Launch Safety Officer 76
3.2.2.3 Registration 77
3.2.2.4 Liability 77
3.2.2.5 Investigations 79
3.2.2.6 Some (Relatively) Minor Issues Requiring Clarification 79
3.3 Satellite Data Distribution Policy 80
3.3.1 International Space-Related Agreements 80
3.4 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 80
References 82
4 Regulation of Space Activities in Brazil 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 National Space Law 84
4.3 Brazilian Space Law 84
4.4 First Phase of Brazilian Space Law 85
4.5 Second Phase of Brazilian Space Law 88
4.6 Third Phase of Brazilian Space Laws 90
4.7 Brazilian Launch Licensing and Authorizing Regimes 93
4.7.1 The Shorter Way 94
4.7.2 Details of the Administrative Edicts 95
4.7.3 Focus 96
4.7.4 Definitions of License and Authorization 96
4.7.5 Definition of Space Launching 97
4.7.6 Documents Required 97
4.7.7 Liability Issues 98
4.7.8 Foreign Legal Persons: Special Requirements 99
4.7.9 Settlement of Disputes 99
4.7.10 Business Plan 100
4.8 Regulations on Space Safety 100
4.9 Brazilian National General Law on Space Activities? 101
References 101
5 Regulation of Space Activities in Canada 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Constitutional Basis of Canadian Space Regulatory Regime 104
5.3 Organisation of Space Activities 106
5.4 Launch Activities 107
5.5 Export Controls 109
5.6 Satellite Communications 113
5.7 Remote Sensing 118
5.8 Human Space Activities and Microgravity Research 122
5.9 Military Uses of Outer Space 126
5.10 Canadas International Responsibility 128
5.11 Conclusion and Final Remarks 129
6 Regulation of Space Activities in France 130
6.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulation 130
6.1.1 Law-Making Processes 130
6.1.2 Basic Principles of National Laws 130
6.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 131
6.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 132
6.2.1 Licensing of Launch Services Carried Out by Private Enterprises 132
6.2.2 Competition in Launch Services 133
6.2.3 National Security Concerns 133
6.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 134
6.3.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators (Both National and Foreign) 134
6.3.1.1 Use of Satellite Frequencies 134
6.3.1.2 Provision of Telecommunications Network and Services 135
6.3.2 Foreign Investment 136
6.3.3 Competition 136
6.3.4 Interconnections 137
6.3.5 Universal Access 137
6.3.6 Rate Regulation 137
6.3.7 Content Regulation (Including Privacy) 138
6.3.7.1 Privacy 138
6.3.7.2 Content 139
6.4 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 140
6.4.1 Licensing of Remote Sensing Satellite Operators 140
6.4.2 Data Distribution 140
6.4.3 National Security Concerns 141
6.5 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 142
6.5.1 Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights 142
6.5.2 Mechanism for Exploiting IP Rights 142
6.5.3 Trade and Transfer of Technology 142
6.5.4 National Legal Barriers to International Transfer of Space Technology 142
6.6 Satellite Navigational Services 143
7 Regulation of Space Activities in Germany 144
7.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulations 144
7.1.1 Law-Making Processes 144
7.1.2 Basic Principles of National Law 148
7.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 148
7.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 151
7.2.1 Licensing of Launch Services by Private Enterprises 151
7.2.2 Competition in Launch Services 152
7.2.3 National Security Concerns 153
7.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 153
7.3.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators 155
7.3.2 Foreign Investment 157
7.3.3 Competition 158
7.3.4 Interconnections 158
7.3.5 Universal Service 160
7.3.6 Rate Regulation 162
7.3.7 Content Regulation (Including Privacy) 163
7.4 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 163
7.4.1 Licensing of Remote Sensing Satellite Operators 163
7.4.2 Distribution of Data 164
7.4.3 National Security Concerns 164
7.5 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 166
7.5.1 Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights 167
7.5.2 National Legal Barriers to International Transfer of Space Technology 171
7.6 Satellite Navigational Services 172
7.7 Summary 172
8 Regulation of Space Activities in India 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Decision-Making Process and International Obligations 176
8.2.1 Organization of and Decision-Making Process Related to Space Activities 176
8.2.2 International Obligations, the Constitution of India and State Practice 177
8.3 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services 184
8.3.1 Licensing of Launch Services for Private Enterprises 185
8.3.2 Competition in Launch Services 186
8.3.3 National Security Concerns 187
8.4 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications and Broadcasting 190
8.4.1 Satellite Telecommunications 193
8.4.1.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators 193
8.4.1.2 Basic Licensing Requirements for Satellite Telecommunications 193
8.4.1.3 Leasing Foreign Satellite Capacity 194
8.4.1.4 Private Indian Satellite Systems 194
8.4.1.5 Telecom Service License Categories 195
8.4.2 Satellite Broadcasting 197
8.4.2.1 Broadcasting Service Licenses 197
8.4.2.2 License for Up-Linking from India 197
8.4.2.3 License for Direct-to-Home (DTH) Broadcasting Service 198
8.4.2.4 Content Regulation 199
8.4.2.5 Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Operators 200
8.4.2.6 Global Mobile Personal Communications Via Satellite 201
8.4.2.7 National Security Concerns 201
8.5 Legal Issues Relating to Remote Sensing/Earth Observation Satellite Services 202
8.5.1 The UN Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of Earth from Outer Space 202
8.5.2 Data Distribution Policy in India 202
8.5.3 National Security Concerns 204
8.6 Legal Issues Relating to Satellite Navigational Services 205
8.6.1 GPS and GAGAN 206
8.6.2 Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 206
8.6.3 Participation in GLONASS 207
8.6.4 Participation in Galileo 207
8.6.5 International Legal Regime for GNSS 208
8.6.5.1 Sovereignty 208
8.6.5.2 Liability 209
8.6.6 Application of International Legal Regime to GAGAN and IRNSS 209
8.6.7 Current Indian Legal Regime Relating to Aeronautical Navigation Services 211
8.7 Intellectual Property Rights and Transfer of Technology 214
8.7.1 Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights 214
8.7.2 Mechanism for Exploiting Intellectual Property Rights 215
8.7.3 Trade and Transfer of Technology 216
8.7.4 National Barriers to International Transfer of Space Technology 217
8.8 Conclusion 219
9 Regulation of Space Activities in Japan 220
9.1 General Philosophy and Process for Government Regulation 220
9.1.1 Law-Making Process 220
9.1.2 Basic Principles of National Law 221
9.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 222
9.1.3.1 A Primary Agency to Engage in Space Development: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 222
9.1.3.2 Entity to Decide National Space Policy: From Space Activities Commission (SAC) to Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) 223
9.1.3.3 Other Agencies Involved in the Development and Use of Space 225
9.1.3.4 Authorization and Supervision of JAXA 226
9.1.4 Constitutional Matters (Jurisdiction Over Space Activities) and Implementation of International Treaties in Japan 228
9.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 228
9.2.1 Licensing of Launch Services Provided by Private Enterprises 228
9.2.2 Competition in Launch Services 233
9.2.3 National Security Concerns 234
9.2.3.1 Export Control Laws and Policy 234
9.2.3.2 Inward Direct Investment 236
9.2.3.3 Peaceful Uses: From Non-Military to Non-Aggressive Uses 237
9.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 238
9.3.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators (Both National and Foreign) 238
9.3.2 Foreign Investments 240
9.3.3 Competition, Interconnection, Universal Access, and Rate Regulation 241
9.3.4 Content Regulation (Including Privacy) 241
9.4 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 243
9.5 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 243
9.6 Satellite Navigation Services 243
10 Regulation of Space Activities in The Netherlands 245
10.1 The General Background: The Netherlands and Outer Space 245
10.2 The Specific Background: The Netherlands and International Space Law 246
10.3 New Developments: The Changing Dutch Spacescape 249
10.4 Mircorp and New Skies Satellites 251
10.5 The Dutch Space Activities Act 256
10.5.1 Chapter 1: General Provisions 256
10.5.2 Chapter 2: Licences 258
10.5.3 Chapter 3: Registry of Space Objects 260
10.5.4 Chapter 4: Redress 262
10.5.5 Chapter 5: Enforcement 263
10.5.6 Chapter 6: Amendments to Other Legislation 263
10.5.7 Chapter 7: Concluding Provisions 264
10.6 The Netherlands: A New Gateway to Outer Space? 264
11 Regulation of Space Activities in the Peoples Republic of China 266
11.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulation 266
11.1.1 Law-Making Processes 266
11.1.2 Basic Principles of National Laws 268
11.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 269
11.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 270
11.2.1 Licensing of Launch Services by Private Enterprises 270
11.2.2 Competition in Launch Services 271
11.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 272
11.3.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators (Both National and Foreign) 272
11.3.2 Foreign Investment 274
11.3.3 Competition 276
11.3.4 Interconnections 278
11.3.5 Universal Access 278
11.3.6 Rate Regulation 279
11.3.7 Content Regulation (Including Privacy) 280
11.3.8 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 281
11.3.8.1 Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights 281
11.3.8.2 Mechanism of Exploiting IP Rights 282
11.3.8.3 National Legal Barriers to International Transfer of Space Technology 282
11.4 Other Matters 283
12 Regulation of Space Activities in South Africa 285
12.1 Introduction 285
12.2 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulation 290
12.2.1 Law-Making Process 290
12.2.2 Basic Principles of National Laws and Their Interaction with International Law 291
12.2.3 Organisation of National Space Law 292
12.2.3.1 The Space Affairs Act Act 84 of 1993. (''The Space Affairs Act'') 293
12.2.3.2 The Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act Act 87 of 1993. (''The Non-Proliferation Act'') 293
12.2.3.3 The National Conventional Arms Control Act Act 41 of 2002. (''Conventional Arms Control Act'') 294
12.2.3.4 The Spatial Data Infrastructure Act Act 54 of 2003. (''Spatial Data Infrastructure Act'') 294
12.2.3.5 The Electronic Communications Act Act 36 of 2005. (''Electronic Communications Act'') 294
12.2.3.6 The Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act Act 21 of 2007. (Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act) 295
12.2.3.7 The Technology Innovation Agency Act Act 26 of 2008. (Technology Innovation Agency Act) 296
12.2.3.8 The South African National Space Agency Act Act 36 of 2008. (South African National Space Agency Act) 297
12.3 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 298
12.3.1 Licensing of Launch Services Provided by Private Enterprises 298
12.3.2 Competition in Launch Services 299
12.4 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 299
12.4.1 The Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunications Operators, including Satellite Broadcasting 299
12.4.2 The Licensing Process 304
12.4.3 Foreign Investment 307
12.4.4 Competition 311
12.4.5 Interconnection 316
12.4.6 Universal Access 318
12.4.7 Rate Regulation 321
12.4.8 Content Regulation 321
12.4.8.1 Codes of Conduct 322
12.4.8.2 Local Content 322
12.4.8.3 TV Sports Rights 323
12.4.8.4 Advertising 324
12.4.8.5 Election Broadcasting 324
12.4.8.6 ''Must Carry'' Obligations 324
12.4.8.7 Channel Authorisation 325
12.5 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 325
12.5.1 Licensing of Remote Sensing Satellite Operators 325
12.5.2 Distribution of Data 325
12.6 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 328
12.6.1 Acquisition and Exploitation of Intellectual Property Rights 328
12.6.1.1 Copyright Act 328
12.6.1.2 The Designs Act 329
12.6.1.3 Patents Act 329
12.6.1.4 The Trade Marks Act 329
12.6.1.5 The Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (''The SDI Act'') 330
12.6.1.6 The Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act (''The Intellectual Property Rights Act'') 330
12.6.1.7 The Technology Innovation Agency Act 331
12.6.2 Barriers to Trade and Transfer of Technology 331
12.7 Conclusion 332
13 Regulation of Space Activities in the Russian Federation 333
13.1 History and General Overview 333
13.1.1 Space Legislation History 333
13.1.2 Current Legislation 334
13.1.3 Hierarchy of Norms Governing Space Activities in Russia 334
13.2 Principles and Overview of the Current Programmes 335
13.3 Authorities in Charge of the Regulation of Space Activities in Russia 336
13.3.1 The President 336
13.3.2 The Government 337
13.3.3 The Federal Space Agency 337
13.3.4 The Ministry of Defence 338
13.4 Law on Space Activities: An Overview of the Provisions 339
13.4.1 Space Activities: Notion, Goals and Principles 339
13.4.2 Economic Conditions of Space Activities 341
13.4.3 Space Object: Notion, Rules Regarding Jurisdiction and Flight 341
13.4.4 Space Infrastructure 343
13.4.5 Cosmonauts 343
13.4.6 Licensing of Space Activities 344
13.4.7 Safety of Space Activities 345
13.4.8 International Cooperation 345
13.4.9 Liability 346
13.5 Other Laws and Regulations 346
13.5.1 Regulations Regarding Licensing: Procedure and Requirements 346
13.5.2 Regulation Regarding Acquisition, Use and Provision of Remote Sensing Data 347
13.5.3 Regulation Regarding the Registration of Space Objects 349
13.6 Conclusion 350
13.7 Annex 350
14 Regulation of Space Activities in Ukraine 352
14.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulation 352
14.1.1 Law-Making Process 352
14.1.2 Basic Principles of National Laws 353
14.1.3 Organization of National Space Activities 355
14.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 356
14.2.1 Licensing of Launch Services Provided by Private Enterprises 356
14.2.2 Competition in Launch Services 357
14.2.3 National Security Concerns 358
14.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 359
14.3.1 Licensing of Private Satellite Telecommunication Operators (Both National and Foreign) 360
14.3.2 Competition 361
14.3.3 Interconnection 362
14.3.4 Universal Access 363
14.3.5 Rate Regulation 364
14.3.6 Content Regulation (Including Privacy) 365
14.3.6.1 Telecommunication Language 365
14.3.6.2 Time in the Area of Telecommunication 365
14.3.6.3 Protection of the Privacy of Telephone Communications, Telegraph and Other Correspondence, Safety of Telecommunications 365
14.3.6.4 Lands for Telecommunication Needs 366
14.3.6.5 Protection of Information About the Consumer 366
14.3.6.6 Protection of Consumers' Interests in Cases Where Operators or Providers Terminate Their Activities in Providing Telecommunication Services 366
14.3.6.7 Liability of Consumers of Telecommunication Services 367
14.4 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 367
14.4.1 Licensing of Remote Sensing Satellite Operators 367
14.4.2 Distribution of Data 368
14.4.3 National Security Concerns 369
14.5 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 369
14.5.1 Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights 369
14.5.2 Mechanism for Exploiting IP Rights 370
14.5.3 Trade and Transfer of Technology 370
14.5.4 National Legal Barriers to International Transfer of Space Technology 371
14.6 Satellite Navigation Services 372
15 Regulation of Space Activities in the United Kingdom 373
15.1 General Philosophy and Processes of Government Regulations 373
15.1.1 The United Kingdom Legal System 373
15.1.2 Background and Constitution 374
15.1.3 Organisation of National Space Activities 374
15.1.4 Law Governing Space Activity 375
15.2 Legal Issues Related to Launch Services (Space Transportation Systems) 377
15.3 Legal Issues Related to Satellite Telecommunications, Including Satellite Broadcasting 378
15.3.1 Law Governing Satellite Communications 378
15.3.2 Management of Satellite Filings by Ofcom 381
15.3.2.1 Background 381
15.3.2.2 Cost Recovery by Ofcom 382
15.3.2.3 Due Diligence Requirements by Ofcom 383
15.3.2.4 Ofcom Action When Operator Relinquishes Filing 383
15.3.2.5 Non-Planned Frequency Assignment 384
15.3.2.6 Planned Frequency Assignment 384
15.4 Earth Observation Services, Including Data Processing and Distribution 385
15.4.1 National Security 385
15.4.2 Database Rights 386
15.4.3 Privacy 386
15.5 Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology 386
15.5.1 Copyright and Database Right 386
15.5.2 Technology Transfer 387
15.6 Satellite Navigational Services 387
16 Overview of the United States Space Policy and Law 388
16.1 Introduction 388
16.2 Space Policies 389
16.2.1 Leadership 389
16.2.2 Cooperation 393
16.2.3 Peace 395
16.2.4 Defense 396
16.2.5 Science and Technology 400
16.2.6 Cost-Effectiveness 403
16.2.7 Commercialization 404
16.2.8 Environmental Protection 406
16.3 Space Law 408
16.3.1 The Regulation of Satellite Communications 408
16.3.1.1 The First Communications Systems 408
16.3.1.2 Domestic Satellites 410
16.3.1.3 Earth Stations 412
16.3.1.4 Direct Broadcasting 412
16.3.1.5 Satellite Transponder Sales 413
16.3.2 Export Controls 414
16.3.3 The Regulation of Commercial Space Launches and Facilities 416
16.4 Conclusion 418
17 Regulation of Private Launch Services in the United States 420
17.1 Introduction 420
17.2 Launch and Reentry Licensing and Regulation 420
17.2.1 General Licensing Procedures 422
17.2.2 Post-License Monitoring and Enforcement 423
17.2.3 Transferring a License 423
17.2.4 Safety Approvals 424
17.2.5 Launch and Reentry Licensing 425
17.2.5.1 Licensing Process 425
17.2.5.2 Post-License Requirements 426
17.2.6 Launch and Reentry Site Licensing 429
17.3 Competition in Launch Services 430
17.4 Export Controls 431
17.4.1 Department of State Regulations 432
17.4.2 EAA and EAR 434
18 Regulation of Satellite Communications in the United States 435
18.1 Introduction 435
18.2 Licensing of Private Communications Satellites 436
18.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service 437
18.2.1.1 Non-Geostationary Orbit 437
18.2.1.2 Geostationary Orbit 438
18.2.2 Mobile Satellite Service 440
18.2.3 Direct Broadcast Satellite Service 442
18.2.4 17/24 GHz BSS Spectrum 443
18.2.5 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service 445
18.3 Regulation of Private Communication Satellite Operations 446
18.3.1 General Obligations for Satellite Video Programming Providers 446
18.3.1.1 Public Interest Obligations 446
18.3.1.2 Statutory Copyright Licenses 446
18.3.2 General Obligations for Telecommunications Providers 447
18.3.2.1 Common Carrier Telecommunications Authority 447
18.3.2.2 Universal Service 449
18.4 Foreign Investment 450
18.5 Competition 452
18.5.1 FCC Policies for Encouraging Competition 452
18.5.2 The State of Competition for Satellite Services 453
19 Politics and Regulation of Earth Observation Services in the United States 457
19.1 Introduction 457
19.2 Harmonization 459
19.3 Data Policies 461
19.3.1 Data Access 461
19.3.2 Data Protection 463
19.3.3 Data Preservation 463
19.3.4 Data Standards 465
19.4 Public and Commercial Uses 466
19.5 National Security and Commercial Uses 466
19.6 Regulation and Licensing of Commercial Remote Sensing 469
19.7 Conclusions 471
20 Regulation of Global Navigation and Positioning Services in the United States 473
20.1 Introduction: The Global Positioning System 473
20.2 GNSS Availability 473
20.3 U.S. National GNSS Institutions 474
20.4 Liability Regime 476
20.5 Conclusion 479
21 State and Municipal Regulation of the Aerospace Industry in the United States 480
21.1 Introduction 480
21.2 Space Commissions 482
21.3 Space Commissions and Spaceports 484
21.4 Spaceport Regulation Independent of a Space Commission 487
21.5 Business Development Programs 490
21.5.1 Financial Assistance for a Specific Company 490
21.5.2 Financial Assistance for Aerospace Projects 490
21.5.3 Promotion of Space Business 492
21.5.4 Tax Incentives for Aerospace Activities 493
21.5.5 Regulation of Specific Aerospace Industry Segments 494
21.5.6 Miscellaneous Statutory References 495
Index 497
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 23.7.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Space Regulations Library | Space Regulations Library |
| Zusatzinfo | XXVIII, 500 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Recht / Steuern ► Allgemeines / Lexika | |
| Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht | |
| Recht / Steuern ► Wirtschaftsrecht ► Handelsrecht | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung | |
| Schlagworte | administrative law • Hobe • International space law • Konkursordnung • Space activities • Space Law • Space Regulation • United Nations • will |
| ISBN-10 | 90-481-9008-8 / 9048190088 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-90-481-9008-9 / 9789048190089 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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