Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1 Substance P in the Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Detection and Assay of Substance P.- 2.1. Bioassay.- 2.2. Radioimmunoassay.- 2.3. Immunocytochemistry.- 3. Neurochemistry of Substance P Neurons.- 3.1. Biosynthesis of Substance P.- 3.2. Transport of Substance P in Neurons.- 3.3. Neuronal Storage of Substance P.- 3.4. Release of Substance P from Neurons.- 3.5. Inactivation of Neuronally Released Substance P.- 3.6. Substance P Receptors.- 3.7. Substance P Antagonists.- 4. Substance P in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 4.1. Neuromuscular Junction.- 4.2. Sympathetic Ganglia.- 4.3. Adrenal Medulla.- 4.4. Parasympathetic Ganglia.- 4.5. Carotid Body.- 4.6. Enteric Neurons.- 5. Substance P in Primary Sensory Neurons.- 5.1. Visceral Sensory Neurons.- 5.2. Spinal and Trigeminal Sensory Neurons.- 5.3. Interaction of Opiates with Substance P-Containing Sensory Neurons.- 5.4. Interaction of Capsaicin with Substance P-Containing Sensory Neurons.- 5.5. Substance P in the Peripheral Processes of Sensory Neurons.- 6. Substance P in the Central Nervous System.- 6.1. Spinal Cord.- 6.2. Basal Ganglia.- 6.3. Habenular-Interpenduncular Projection.- 6.4. Other Central Substance P Systems.- 7. Coexistence of Substance P with Other Neurotransmitters.- 8. Interaction of Substance P with Other Transmitter Receptors.- 8.1. Nicotinic Receptors.- 8.2. Other Receptors.- 9. Neurological Disorders Affecting Substance P Neurons.- 10. Conclusions.- 11. References.- 2 The Enkephalins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Enkephalin Biosynthesis.- 3. Regulation of Enkephalin Concentration in the Adrenal Medulla.- 4. Enkephalin Metabolism.- 5. Enkephalin Regulation in Neurons.- 6. Enkephalin Distribution.- 6.1. Enkephalin in the Pituitary.- 6.2. Enkephalin in the Gastrointestinal System.- 6.3. Enkephalin in the Autonomic Nervous System.- 6.4. Enkephalin in the Central Nervous System.- 6.5. The Spinal Cord: Enkephalin and Substance P.- 6.6. Enkephalins and Catecholamines.- 6.7. Enkephalin Co-localization with Other Neurotransmitters.- 6.8. Enkephalins in Neuronal Pathways.- 6.9. Enkephalins in Cultured Neurons.- 6.10. Enkephalins in Invertebrates.- 7. Electrophysiology of Enkephalin.- 7.1. Myenteric Plexus.- 7.2. Locus Coeruleus.- 7.3. Hippocampus.- 7.4. Spinal Cord.- 7.5. Other Enkephalin Effects in the CNS.- 8. Enkephalin Receptors and Cellular Effects.- 8.1. Mechanism of Enkephalin Action.- 9. Enkephalins and Pain.- 10. Role of Enkephalin in the Gastrointestinal System.- 11. References.- 3 Beta-Endorphin and Biosynthetically Related Peptides in the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunohistochemistry: ss-LPH, ss-END, ACTH, ?-MSH, and Gamma-MSH (?-MSH).- 2.1. Pituitary.- 2.2. Brain.- 3. Biosynthesis of the ACTH, ?-MSH, ss-END/?-MSH Precursor.- 3.1. Pituitary: From Peptides to the Gene.- 3.2. Pituitary POMC: Posttranslational Events.- 3.3. Pituitary ss-END: Multiple Forms.- 3.4. Brain POMC.- 4. Receptors of ss1 Substance P in the Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Detection and Assay of Substance P.- 2.1. Bioassay.- 2.2. Radioimmunoassay.- 2.3. Immunocytochemistry.- 3. Neurochemistry of Substance P Neurons.- 3.1. Biosynthesis of Substance P.- 3.2. Transport of Substance P in Neurons.- 3.3. Neuronal Storage of Substance P.- 3.4. Release of Substance P from Neurons.- 3.5. Inactivation of Neuronally Released Substance P.- 3.6. Substance P Receptors.- 3.7. Substance P Antagonists.- 4. Substance P in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 4.1. Neuromuscular Junction.- 4.2. Sympathetic Ganglia.- 4.3. Adrenal Medulla.- 4.4. Parasympathetic Ganglia.- 4.5. Carotid Body.- 4.6. Enteric Neurons.- 5. Substance P in Primary Sensory Neurons.- 5.1. Visceral Sensory Neurons.- 5.2. Spinal and Trigeminal Sensory Neurons.- 5.3. Interaction of Opiates with Substance P-Containing Sensory Neurons.- 5.4. Interaction of Capsaicin with Substance P-Containing Sensory Neurons.- 5.5. Substance P in the Peripheral Processes of Sensory Neurons.- 6. Substance P in the Central Nervous System.- 6.1. Spinal Cord.- 6.2. Basal Ganglia.- 6.3. Habenular-Interpenduncular Projection.- 6.4. Other Central Substance P Systems.- 7. Coexistence of Substance P with Other Neurotransmitters.- 8. Interaction of Substance P with Other Transmitter Receptors.- 8.1. Nicotinic Receptors.- 8.2. Other Receptors.- 9. Neurological Disorders Affecting Substance P Neurons.- 10. Conclusions.- 11. References.- 2 The Enkephalins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Enkephalin Biosynthesis.- 3. Regulation of Enkephalin Concentration in the Adrenal Medulla.- 4. Enkephalin Metabolism.- 5. Enkephalin Regulation in Neurons.- 6. Enkephalin Distribution.- 6.1. Enkephalin in the Pituitary.- 6.2. Enkephalin in the Gastrointestinal System.- 6.3. Enkephalin in the Autonomic Nervous System.- 6.4. Enkephalin in the Central Nervous System.- 6.5. The Spinal Cord: Enkephalin and Substance P.- 6.6. Enkephalins and Catecholamines.- 6.7. Enkephalin Co-localization with Other Neurotransmitters.- 6.8. Enkephalins in Neuronal Pathways.- 6.9. Enkephalins in Cultured Neurons.- 6.10. Enkephalins in Invertebrates.- 7. Electrophysiology of Enkephalin.- 7.1. Myenteric Plexus.- 7.2. Locus Coeruleus.- 7.3. Hippocampus.- 7.4. Spinal Cord.- 7.5. Other Enkephalin Effects in the CNS.- 8. Enkephalin Receptors and Cellular Effects.- 8.1. Mechanism of Enkephalin Action.- 9. Enkephalins and Pain.- 10. Role of Enkephalin in the Gastrointestinal System.- 11. References.- 3 Beta-Endorphin and Biosynthetically Related Peptides in the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunohistochemistry: ss-LPH, ss-END, ACTH, ?-MSH, and Gamma-MSH (?-MSH).- 2.1. Pituitary.- 2.2. Brain.- 3. Biosynthesis of the ACTH, ?-MSH, ss-END/?-MSH Precursor.- 3.1. Pituitary: From Peptides to the Gene.- 3.2. Pituitary POMC: Posttranslational Events.- 3.3. Pituitary ss-END: Multiple Forms.- 3.4. Brain POMC.- 4. Receptors of ss-END, ACTH, ?-MSH.- 5. Physiological and Behavioral Studies.- 5.1. Pharmacological Approach.- 5.2. Biochemical Approach.- 6. Psychiatric Studies Using Opioid Peptides and Related Pharmacology.- 7. Future Directions: The Multisubstance Neuron.- 8. References.- 4 Cholecystokinin and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cholecystokinin.- 2.1. Chemical Characterization of Cholecystokinin-like Peptides.- 2.2. Regional Distribution of Cholecystokinin-like Peptides.- 2.3. Subcellular Distribution.- 2.4. Release.- 2.5. Degradation.- 2.6. Central Actions of CCK.- 2.7. CNS Diseases.- 3. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- 3.1. Chemical Characterization.- 3.2. Regional Distribution of VIP.- 3.3. Subcellular Distribution.- 3.4. Release.- 3.5. Degradation.- 3.6. Central Actions of VIP.- 3.7. CNS Diseases.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 5 Brain Angiotensin.- 1. The Renin-Angiotensin System.- 1.1. Biochemistry.- 1.2. Physiology.- 2. Effects of Angiotensin on the Brain.- 2.1. Thirst and Salt Appetite.- 2.2. Angiotensin and Central Blood Pressure Control.- 2.3. Release of Pituitary Hormones.- 2.4. Angiotensin and Behavior.- 3. The Brain Renin-Angiotensin System.- 3.1. Biochemical Aspects.- 3.2. Distribution of Renin and Angiotensin in Brain.- 3.3. Angiotensin Receptors in the Brain.- 3.4. Functional Aspects of a Brain Renin-Angiotensin System.- 4. References.- 6 Neurotensin and Bombesin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurotensin.- 2.1. Isolation and Characterization.- 2.2. Localization.- 2.3. Release and Inactivation.- 2.4. Receptor Binding.- 2.5. Peripheral Effects.- 2.6. Central Nervous System Effects.- 3. Bombesin.- 3.1. Isolation and Characterization.- 3.2. Localization.- 3.3. Release and Receptor Binding.- 3.4. Peripheral Effects.- 3.5. Central Nervous System Effects.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- 7 Extrahypothalamic Distribution and Action of Hypothalamic Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Luteinizing-Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LH-RH).- 2.1. LH-RH-Containing Cell Bodies.- 2.2. LH-RH-Containing Pathways.- 2.3. LH-RH-Containing Nerve Terminals.- 3. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).- 3.1. TRH-Containing Cell Bodies.- 3.2. TRH-Containing Pathways.- 3.3. TRH-Containing Nerve Terminals.- 4. Somatostatin.- 4.1. Somatostatin-Containing Cells.- 4.2. Somatostatin-Containing Pathways.- 4.3. Somatostatin-Containing Nerve Terminals.- 5. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF).- 6. Vasopressin.- 6.1. Vasopressin-Containing Cells.- 6.2. Vasopressin-Containing Pathways.- 6.3. Vasopressin-Containing Nerve Terminals.- 7. Oxytocin.- 7.1. Oxytocin-Containing Cells.- 7.2. Oxytocin-Containing Pathways.- 7.3. Oxytocin-Containing Nerve Terminals.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- 9. References.- 8 Peptide Effects on the Excitability of Single Nerve Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Invertebrate Studies.- 3. Vertebrate Studies.- 3.1. Cloned Pituitary Cells in Culture.- 3.2. Enteric Ganglia.- 3.3 Sympathetic Ganglia.- 3.4. Central Neurons in Vitro.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 9 Neuronal Coexistence of Peptides with Other Putative Transmitters.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Adrenal Chromaffin Cells and Some Other Paraneurons.- 4. Peripheral Nervous System.- 4.1. Enkephalins.- 4.2. Somatostatin.- 4.3. Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide.- 4.4. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- 5. Central Nervous System.- 5.1. Substance P and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.- 5.2. Cholecystokinin.- 5.3. Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide.- 5.4. Enkephalins.- 5.5. Magnocellular Neurosecretory System.- 5.6. Arcuate Nucleus.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.