Language in Primates

Linguistic Media and Training Methods.- Clever Hans Phenomenon.- Clever Hans and Primate Language Experiments.- Cognitive and Communicative Abilities in an Orangutan.- Continuities Between Communicative Abilities in Human and Nonhuman Animals.- Methodological and Ethical Issues in Primate Language Studies.- Linguistic Nativism and the Species Specificity of Language.- Animal Communication as a “Window”.- References.- 1 Apes Who “Tklk”: Language or Projection of Language by Their Teachers?.- Project Nim.- Differences Between Nim’s and a Child’s Combinations of Signs and Words.- Criticisms of Project Nim.- Future Research.- References.- 2 Apes and Language: The Search for Communicative Competence.- Project Chantek.- Communicative Competence of Chantek and Nim.- Conclusions.- References.- Chapter3 Chimpanzee Language and Elephant Tkils: A Theoretical Synthesis.- Theory of Cognition.- Assumptions About Cognition in Ape Language Studies.- Chimp Teaches Chimp.- Conclusions.- References.- 4 Genes, Evolution and Language in Apes: The Nature of the Phenotypes.- Natural Selection.- Phenotypes for Ape Language.- References.- 5 Communication in Primates.- Parochialism in the Study of Animal Communication.- Natural Contexts and Channels.- Semantical Flexibility.- Self-awareness.- References.- 6 Limits of Primate Talk.- Science of Primate Linguistics.- Computers, Animals, and Theories of Language.- Ethics of Primate Language Research.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Ethics, Animals and Language.- Three Standard Positions.- A Fourth Position.- Language, Personhood, and Nonhuman Primates.- References.- 8 Linguistic Innateness and Its Evidence.- 9 Talk to the Animals.- Language Acquisition and Mentality.- Syntax and Mentality.- Conclusions.- References.- 10 Apes Who Sign and Critics Who Don’t.- Specific Differences in Communication.- Training or Learning?.- Extralinguistic Communication.- Communication at First Hand.- Is There Language?.- Logical Types.- References.- 11 Prospects for a Cognitive Ethology.- Defining Awareness and Thinking.- Psychoneural Relationships.- The Behavioristic Taboo.- Communicative Behavior as a “Window”.- Social Institutions.- Testable Hypotheses Concerning Cognitive Ethology.- Significance of Animal Awareness.- References.- Author Index.