Language and Reality

Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Part I: Introduction: 1. Introduction: 1. 1 The Philosophy of Language. 1. 2 What is the Problem? 1. 3 What is a Theory of Language? **1. 4 The Menu. Suggested Reading. Part II: Meaning: 2. Truth and reference: 2. 1 Meaning and Truth. 2. 2 Explaining Truth Conditions. **2. 3 Nonindicatives. 2. 4 Explaining Structure. 2. 5 Are Referential Roles Enough? 2. 6 Enter Senses. Suggested Reading. 3. Description Theories of Reference: Names: 3. 1 The Classical Description Theory. 3. 2 The Modern Description Theory. 3. 3 Ignorance and Error. 3. 4 Reference Borrowing. 3. 5 Rejecting Description Theories. Suggested Reading. 4. A Causal Theory of Reference: Names: 4. 1 A Causal Theory. 4. 2 Virtues of the Causal Theory. 4. 3 Developing the Theory. 4. 4 Direct Reference. 4. 5 The Qua-Problem. Suggested Reading. 5. Theories of Reference: Other Terms: 5. 1 Description Theories of Natural Kind Terms. 5. 2 A Causal Theory of Natural Kind Terms. **5. 3 The Qua-Problem. **5. 4 Other Kind Terms. **5. 5 Hybrid Theories. 5. 6 Analyticity, Apriority, and Necessity. **5. 7 Donnellan's Distinction. **5. 8 Designational Terms. Suggested Reading. 6. Syntactic Structure. 6. 1 Introduction: 6. 2 Some Reasons for Structure. 6. 3 Linguistic Categories. **6. 4 Anaphora. Suggested Reading. Part III: Language and Mind: 7. Thought and Meaning: 7. 1 Thoughts as Inner Representations. 7. 2 The Language-of -Thought Hypothesis. 7. 3 A Public Language of Thought or "Mentalese"? 7. 4 Grice's Theory of Meaning. 7. 5 Avoiding the Explanatory Circle. 7. 6 The Origins of Language. **7. 7 Indicator and Teleological Semantics. Suggested Reading. 8. Linguistic Competence: 8. 1 Introduction. 8. 2 The Conflation of Symbols and Competence. 8. 3 Two Proposals on the Psychological Reality of Syntactic Rules. 8. 4 Knowledge-How Versus Knowledge-That. 8. 5 Built-In Versus Represented Rules. 8. 6 Cartesian Intuitions. 8. 7 "The Only Theory in Town". 8. 8 Are Syntactic Rules Built in Processing-Rules? 8. 9 Linguistic Competence as a Translation Ability. 8. 10 Chomskyan nativism. Suggested Reading. 9. Defending Representation: 9. 1 Introduction. 9. 2 Deflationism. 9. 3 Functional-Role Semantics and "Narrow" Meanings. 9. 4 The Two-Factor Theory. 9. 5 Kripke's Skeptical Argument. Suggested Reading. 10. Linguistic Relativity: 10. 1 Introduction. 10. 2 The Tyranny of Vocabulary. 10. 3 The Tyranny of Syntax. 10. 4 The Scientific Whorfians. 10. 5 The Rejection of Scientific Whorfianism. Suggested Reading. Part IV: Language and Realism: 11. Verification: 11. 1 Realism. 11. 2 Logical Positivism and the Elimination of the Realism Dispute. 11. 3 Dummett and the Misidentification of the Realism Dispute. 11. 4 Verificationism. Suggested Reading. 12. Worldmaking: 12. 1 Kant. 12. 2 Whorfian Constructivism. 12. 3 Scientific Constructivism. 12. 4 The Renegade Putnam. Suggested Reading. 13. Structuralism: 13. 1 Introduction. 13. 2 Saussure's Linguistics. 13. 3 The Rejection of Reference. 13. 4 The Rejection of Realism. Suggested Reading. Part V: Language and Philosophy: 14. First Philosophy: 14. 1 Philosophy Naturalized. 14. 2Traditional First Philosophy; the One-Over Many Problem. 14. 3 The Linguistic Turn: Ordinary Language Philosophy. 14. 4 The Linguistic Turn: Conceptual Analysis. Suggested Reading. ** 15. Rational Psychology: 15. 1 Rational Psychology Versus Protoscience. 15. 2 Dennett. 15. 3 Davidson. 15. 4 Principles of Charity. 15. 5 Against Charity. Suggested Reading. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. ** indicates Chapters and sections which are difficult and probably best ignored in an initial approach.