Occupational and Environmental Health

Barry S. Levy, MD, MPH, is Adjunct Professor of Public Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. David H. Wegman, MD, MSc, is Dean, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Sherry L. Baron, MD, MPH, is Coordinator, Priority Populations and Occupational Health Disparities, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Bethesda, MD. Rosemary K. Sokas, MD, MOH, is Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health.

Section I. Work, Environment, and Health Chapter 1 Occupational and Environmental Health: 21st Century Challenges and OpportunitiesBarry S. Levy, David H. Wegman, Sherry L. Baron, and Rosemary K. SokasChapter 2 Recognizing and Preventing Occupational and Environmental Disease and InjuryRosemary K. Sokas, Barry S. Levy, David H. Wegman, and Sherry L. BaronBox 2-1: Avoiding the Transfer of Risk: Cleaner Production and Pollution PreventionRafael Moure-Eraso Box 2-2: Effectively Educating Workers and CommunitiesMargaret Quinn and Nancy LessinBox 2-3: Labor-Management Safety CommitteesBox 2-4: How to Use the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Michael Silverstein Box 2-5: Essentials of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)James L. Weeks Box 2-6: How to Request Assistance from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)Michelle WattersChapter 3 Occupational and Environmental Health SurveillanceKerry Souza, Letitia Davis, and Jeffrey ShireBox 3-1: Hazard SurveillanceBox 3-2: Asthma Surveillance in California: Combining Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Jennifer FlatteryBox 3-3: National Childhood Blood Lead SurveillanceLemuel TurnerBox 3-4: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning SurveillanceShahed Iqbal, Fuyuen Yip, Jacquelyn Clower, and Paul GarbeBox 3-5: Environmental Public Health Tracking NetworkBox 3-6: Surveillance for Childhood Lead Poisoning Reveals Workplace Lead ProblemBox 3-7: Infectious Disease Surveillance and OccupationBox 3-8: Occupational Health Reporting Requirements in New JerseyBox 3-9: Tracking Lead Exposure to Workers: The Massachusetts Blood Lead RegistryRick RabinChapter 4 Occupational and Environmental Health Equity and Social JusticeSherry Baron and Sacoby WilsonBox 4-1: Child LaborSusan GunnBox 4-2: Women construction workers: An example of sexual harassment in the workplaceBox 4-3: Children as a Special Population at Risk for Environmental HazardsAdam SpanierBox 4-4: The Export of HazardBarry S. LevyChapter 5 Global Environmental HazardsSimon Hales, Robyn Lucas, and Anthony J. McMichael Box 5-1. Chemical reactions in the destruction of ozoneBox 5-2: Examples of health risks arising from global trade processesBox 5-3: Interactions between climate change and stratospheric ozone depletionSection II. Hazardous Exposures Chapter 6 Outdoor Air PollutionIsabelle Romieu, Mauricio Hernandez Avila, and Fernando HolguinChapter 7 Indoor Air QualityMark R. Cullen and Kathleen KreissBox 7-1: Environmental Tobacco SmokeKathleen KreissBox 7-2: Exposure to Biomass Fuel FumesJohn R. BalmesChapter 8 Water Contamination and Wastewater TreatmentJeffrey A. ForanBox 8-1: Generalized Steps in the Treatment of Sanitary Waste Prior to its Discharge to Surface WatersBox 8-2: General Steps Used in the Treatment of Drinking WaterBox 8-3: The Debate Over Regulation of AtrazineBox 8-4 Coal Waste and Water QualityChapter 9 Food Safety Craig W. HedbergChapter 10 Hazardous Waste Denny Dobbin, Rodney D. Turpin, Ken Silver, and Michelle WattersBox 10-1: Asbestos in Libby, MontanaChapter 11 Chemical Hazards Michael Gochfeld and Robert LaumbachBox 11-1: An Ecohealth Approach to Mercury ContaminationDonna MerglerChapter 12A VibrationMartin G. CherniackBox 12A-1. DefinitionsBox 12A-2. Standard Elements in Diagnosing HAVSChapter 12B Extremes of TemperatureAnn M. Krake Box 12B-1: Physical Hazards Related to Hyperbaric and Hypobaric Environments and Their Adverse Health EffectsJohn Halpin Box 12B-2: Climate Change, Workplace Heat, and HealthTord Kjellstrom Chapter 12C Ionizing and Nonionizing RadiationJohn CardarelliChapter 13 Biological Hazards Mark RussiChapter 14 Occupational StressJoseph J. Hurrell, Jr.Box 14-1: Time, Work, Stress, and Well-Being in SocietySherry L. Baron and SangWoo Tak Box 14-2: ShiftworkDavid H. Wegman and SangWoo TakSection III. Adverse Health EffectsChapter 15 Injuries and Occupational Safety Dawn N. Castillo, Timothy J. Pizatella, and Nancy StoutBox 15-1: Injuries Are a Major Public Health ProblemBox 15-2: Hispanics Are a Priority Population for Occupational Injury PreventionBox 15-3: The Youngest and Oldest Workers Present Challenges and Opportunities for PreventionBox 15-4: Unique Challenges for Prevention of Roadway Occupational Deaths and InjuriesBox 15-5: Workplace Violence -- A Complex Workplace Injury PhenomenonBox 15-6: Unique Role for Public Health Agencies in Occupational SafetyChapter 16 Musculoskeletal Disorders Barbara Silverstein and Bradley EvanoffBox 16-1: Plumber's KneeBox 16-2: The choice of a health care provider for injured workers is importantBox 16-3: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome CaseChapter 17 CancerElizabeth WardChapter 18 Respiratory Disorders Amy M. Nuernberg and David C. ChristianiBox 18-1: Childhood Asthma Chapter 19 Neurologic and Psychiatric DisordersEdward L. Baker, Jr., and Nancy L. Fiedler Chapter 20 Reproductive and Developmental DisordersLinda M. Frazier and Deborah Barkin FromerBox 20-1: DBCP: A Potent Male Reproductive ToxicantBarry S. LevyChapter 21 Noise Exposure and Hearing DisordersThais C. Morata, David C. Byrne, and Peter M. RabinowitzBox 21-1: Case of hearing loss following noise and chemical exposuresBox 21-2: Case of noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitusChapter 22 Skin DisordersLoren C. Tapp and Boris D. LushniakChapter 23 Cardiovascular DisordersKenneth D. RosenmanSection IV. Recognition, Assessment, and Prevention Chapter 24 Epidemiology Jennifer M. Cavallari, Ellen A. Eisen, David H. Wegman, and Marie S. O'NeillBox 24-1. Guide for Evaluating Epidemiologic StudiesChapter 25 ToxicologyRobert Laumbach and Michael GochfeldBox 25-1: DefinitionsChapter 26 Occupational and Environmental HygieneThomas J. Smith and John D. MeekerBox 26-1. Assessing Indoor Air PollutionBox 26-2: Nanoparticles: Occupational and Environmental Exposures, Health Effects, and Control MeasuresMargaret QuinnChapter 27 Occupational Ergonomics: Promoting Safety and Health Through Work DesignW. Monroe KeyserlingBox 27-1: Ergonomic Approaches to PreventionChapter 28 Clinical Occupational and Environmental Health PracticeGary Greenberg and Bonnie RogersBox 28-1: The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics Chapter 29 Risk Communication and Information Dissemination Paul Schulte, Scott Schneider, and Ray SinclairBox 29-1: Environmental Risk CommunicationCraig W. TrumboChapter 30 Government Regulation of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety in the United States and the European UnionNicholas A. Ashford and Charles C. CaldartChapter 31 Legal RemediesLeslie I. Boden, Peter S. Barth, Neil T. Leifer, David C. Strouss, Emily A. Spieler, and Patricia A. RocheBox 31-1. When Employers are Subject to Lawsuits for Workplace Injuries and IllnessesBox 31-2: Permanent Disability Benefits in the People's Republic of China Section V. An Integrated Approach to PreventionChapter 32 The Roles of Labor UnionsRobin Baker, Laura Stock, and Valeria Velazquez Box 32-1: Glossary of Key Labor TermsBox 32-2: Names of Major UnionsBox 32-3: Sample Health and Safety Contract Language Box 32-4: Advocating for Healthy JobsChapter 33 The Roles of Environmental Nongovernmental OrganizationsKathleen M. RestBox 33-1: Principles of Environmental Justice Box 33-2: Ceres PrinciplesChapter 34 Conducting Worksite InvestigationsBruce BernardBox 34-1: Silica Exposure Among Roofing-Tile WorkersBox 34-2: Chlorine Exposure Among Lifeguards at an Indoor Swimming ResortBox 34-3: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Casino DealersBox 34-4: Indoor Air Quality and CancerChapter 35 Responding to Community Environmental Health Concerns Henry A. Anderson and Henry Nehls-LoweChapter 36 Addressing Health and Safety Hazards in Specific Industries: Agriculture, Construction, and Health CareSherry L. Baron, Andrea L. Steege, Laura S. Welch, and Jane A. LipscombBox 36-1: Livestock workersChapter 37 Protecting Disaster Rescue and Recovery WorkersDori B. Reissman and John PiacentinoBox 37-1: Public and Environmental Health Issues in Disasters Chapter 38 Implementing Programs and Policies for a Healthy WorkforceMartin Cherniack and Laura PunnettChapter 39 Addressing the Built Environment and HealthRichard J. JacksonAppendix: Illustrative Nongovernmental Organizations