Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology

I Issues and Theories of Developmental Psychopathology.- 1 Conceptualization of Developmental Psychopathology.- Why Do We Need Developmental Psychopathology?.- Developmental Psychopathology as a Conceptual Framework.- Relations between Developmental Psychopathology and Other Approaches.- The Relevance of Developmental Periods.- Applications of Developmental Psychopathology.- An Assessment Model for Developmental Psychopathology.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Models of Developmental Psychopathology.- Trait or Status Model.- The Environmental Model.- The Interactional Model.- Summary.- References.- 3 Challenges to the Study of Developmental Psychopathology.- Prospective and Retrospective Prediction.- Nature of Maladaptive Behavior.- Diagnostics, Screening, and Evaluation.- Catastrophe and the Notion of Predictability.- Summary.- References.- 4 Culture and Psychopathology.- Early Formulations of Culture and Psychopathology: Benedict and Mead.- Freudian Theory in the "Culture and Personality" School.- Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness: Epidemiology and the "Culture-Bound Syndromes".- Individual Differences and the "Goodness of Fit".- Cultural Structuring of Responses to Individual Differences.- Cultural Structuring of Responses to Behavioral Distress in the United States: The "New Morbidity".- Culture and Developmental Psychopathology.- References.- 5 Taxonomy in Developmental Psychopathology: Consider the Source.- The Importance of Sources of Information.- Review of Research Concerned with Different Sources of Information in Assessment.- Use of Multisource Information in the Diagnosis of Child Psychopathology.- Use of Specific Sources of Information.- Conclusions.- References.- II Undercontrolled Disorders.- 6 Attention Deficit Disorders: History, Definition, and Diagnosis.- History.- Description.- Developmental Course.- Current Diagnostic Criteria.- Summary.- References.- 7 The Socialization and Social Development of Hyperactive Children.- Developmental Tasks and Hyperactivity.- Socialization Influences.- Peer Relationships.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8 Genetics and Biochemistry in Attention Deficit Disorder.- Diagnostic Heterogeneity.- Etiological Heterogeneity.- Family Studies.- TwinStudies.- Adoption Studies.- Dysmorphology.- Genetic Latent Structure Analysis.- Biochemical Hypotheses.- References.- 9 Conduct Disorders.- Categorical Approaches: Formal Diagnostic Systems.- Dimensional Approaches.- Relationship between Conduct Disorders and Other Disorders.- Prevalence.- Stability and Course.- Psychological Correlates.- Conclusions.- References.- 10 Behavioral Genetics and Aggressive Behavior in Childhood.- Individual Differences and the Normal Distribution.- Quantitative Genetics.- Behavioral Genetic Research on Disorders Related to Aggressive Behavior.- Behavioral Genetic Research on Aggressive Behavior.- Other Behavioral Genetic Issues concerning Aggressive Behavior.- References.- 11 Learning of Aggression.- Social Learning Theory.- Social Cognition and Aggression.- Family Influences on Aggression.- Peer Influences on Aggression.- Media Influences on Aggression.- Conclusions.- References.- 12 The Stability of Aggressive Behavior-Even unto the Third Generation.- Stability of Aggression over 22 Years.- Intergenerational Transmission of Aggression.- A Cross-National Study.- Implications of Stability of Aggression.- References.- 13 Morality and Conduct Disorders.- Theories of Moral Development.- Relations between Moral Judgment and Delinquency.- Modification of Juvenile Delinquents' Moral Reasoning.- Conclusions.- References.- 14 The Development of Prosocial Behavior versus Nonprosocial Behavior in Children.- Personal Characteristics Associated with Nonprosocial versus Prosocial Responding.- Socialization of Prosocial Behavior.- Summary.- References.- III Overcontrolled Disorders.- 15 Anxiety in Children: Nature and Development.- Diagnosis.- Summary.- Assessment of Childhood Anxiety Disorder.- Epidemiology of Childhood Anxiety Disorders.- Evolution and Outcome of Fear and Anxiety.- Theories of Etiology.- Conclusions.- References.- 16 Separation Anxiety.- Development of Separation Responses.- Mechanisms and Functions of Separation Protest.- Normal Individual Differences.- Traumatic Separation.- Psychopathology.- Treatment of Separation-Related Problems.- References.- 17 The Temperamental Qualities of Inhibition and Lack of Inhibition.- Biological Contributions.- Summary.- References.- 18 The Importance of Peer Relations.- Sociometric Measures.- Predictive Evidence of Peer Acceptance.- Explanations for the Risk Relation.- References.- 19 Test Anxiety in the School Setting.- Conceptualizing Test Anxiety.- School Evaluation and Anxiety.- Conclusion and Directions for Future Research.- References.- 20 Posttraumatic Stress in Children following Natural and Human-Made Trauma.- Precipitating Events.- Symptoms of PTSD.- Natural versus Technological Disasters.- Human-Made Events.- Natural Disaster.- Conclusions.- References.- 21 The Developmental Psychopathology of Child Maltreatment.- Goals of This Chapter.- Historical Perspective.- The Developmental Psychopathology Perspective.- Definitional Issues.- Sequelae of Child Maltreatment: Initial Studies.- The Influence of Current Etiological Models upon the New Wave of Studies on the Developmental Sequelae of Child Maltreatment.- Recent Research Studies on the Developmental Sequelae of Child Maltreatment.- Prevention.- Conclusion.- References.- 22 Childhood Fears and Phobias.- Definition.- Summary of Evidence.- Nature of the Fear Response.- Overcoming Fears.- From Fears to Phobias.- References.- IV Depression.- 23 Depression across the Early Life Span.- Depression: Symptoms, Syndrome, Disorder.- Clinical Picture and Subtypes.- Assessment.- Etiologic Theories.- Links between Depression in Infancy, Preschool, Grade School, and Adolescence.- Directions for Future Research.- References.- 24 Etiologic Perspectives on Depression in Childhood.- Depression and Loss.- Parental Influences.- Children's Factors.- Conclusions.- References.- 25 Psychobiology of Childhood Depression.- Family History Studies of Childhood Depression.- Neuroendocrine Studies.- Polysomnography.- Biological Treatment of Childhood Depression.- References.- 26 Cognitive Components of Depression.- Self-Evaluation.- Personal Causation.- Time Concepts.- Distortion of Present and Past Events.- Concluding Comments.- References.- V Specific and Pervasive Disorders.- 27 Borderline Disorders in Childhood.- History.- Diagnostic Issues.- Etiology.- Follow-Up Studies.- Treatment.- Future Directions.- References.- 28 Taxonomy of Major Disorders in Childhood.- Early Childhood Autism.- Characteristics of Autism.- The Causes of Autism.- LaterOutcome.- The Classification of Autism.- The Differential Diagnosis between Autism and Other Childhood Disorders.- Autism or Childhood Schizophrenia?.- Autism as a Form of Mental Retardation.- Autism and Severe Developmental Language Disorders.- Autism and Asperger's Syndrome.- Distintegrative Disorders.- Concluding Comments.- References.- 29 Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders.- Origins and Classification.- Epidemiology.- Clinical Characteristics from Infancy to Adulthood.- Theories of Autism.- Treatment and Education.- References.- 30 The Nature and Types of Mental Illness in the Mentally Retarded.- Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges.- Nature of Mental Illness in the Retarded.- Influences of the Level of Retardation.- Frequency and Types of Mental Illness in the Retarded.- Conclusion.- References.- 31 A Developmental Perspective on Eating Disorders and Eating Problems.- Eating Disorders.- Theories of Etiology.- The Developmental Emergence of Eating Problems.- Cultural Influences.- Proximate Influences.- Eating Disorders and Developmental Psychopathology.- References.- 32 The Elimination Disorders: Enuresis and Encopresis.- Basic Physiological Mechanisms.- Nomenclature and Prevalence.- Clinical Diagnosis.- Etiology.- Treatment.- A Final Word about Treatment.- References.- 33 Physical Disorders.- Tourette Syndrome and Tics in Childhood.- Sleep Disturbances and Disorders of Arousal.- Enuresis.- Encopresis.- Stuttering.- References.- 34 Sexual Development and Sexual Psychopathology: An Object Relations Point of View.- Object Relations Theory.- Sexual Development.- The Causes of Sexual Symptomatology.- Sexual Symptomatology in Childhood.- Sexual Symptomatology in Adolescence.- Sexual Difficulties in Adulthood.- Sexual Dysfunctions and Adult Sexual Symptomatology.- Concerning the Lack of Specificity in Cause and Effect.- Sexual Identity.- Homosexuality and the Paraphilias.- The Paraphilias.- Sexual Maturity.- References.- VI Intervention.- 35 Institutionalization Revisited: Expanding Views on Early and Cumulative Life Experiences.- Early Themes in the Study of Institutionalization.- Controlled Environments and the Search for Causal Relationships.- Individual Differences in Response to Environments.- Modern Forms of Institutionalization: Distinguishing Features.- Toward a Developmental Taxonomy of Care-Providing Environments.- Conclusion.- References.- 36 Perspectives and Interventions: Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Family Therapy, and Community Psychology.- Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.- Family Therapy.- Community Psychology.- Summary.- References.- 37 Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Child Psychopathology: Present Status and Future Directions.- A Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective.- The Transition to a Cognitive-Behavioral Model.- Critical Issues in the Cognitive-Behavioral Model.- A Developmental Perspective for Cognitive Behavior Therapy.- Elaborating the Developmental Perspective.- References.- Author Index.