Evolutionary Biology

1. William Campbell Steere: An Outline of His Life and Continuing Career.- Bibliography of Publications of William Campbell Steere.- 2. Biochemical Systematics: II. A Reprise.- Micromolecules.- Flavonoids.- Terpenoids.- Alkaloids.- Other Micromolecules of Chemosystematic Interest.- Micromolecules of Specific Plant Groups.- Lichens.- New Approaches in Micromolecular Chemosystematics.- C4 Metabolism.- Paleobiochemistry.- Micromolecules: Biological and Evolutionary Considerations.- Macromolecules.- Electrophoresis.- Amino Acid Sequences.- Serology.- Nucleic Acids.- Conclusions and Future Prospects.- Micromolecules.- Macromolecules.- References.- 3. Species Selection As a Causal Process.- Differential Rates of Extinction.- Differential Rates of Speciation: General Problems.- Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Reducibility.- Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Irreducibility Speciation via the Founder Principle.- Discussion.- Possible Examples of Species Selection: Hawaiian Drosophilidae.- Possible Examples of Species Selection: Tertiary Neogastropoda.- The Snail Example: Another Viewpoint.- Species Selection and Randomness.- Species Selection and Punctuated Equilibria.- Conclusions.- References.- Species Selection As a Causal Process: A Reply.- References.- 4. Species Are Individuals: A Review and Critique of the Argument.- Introduction: What Is an Individual?.- Heraclitus' Paradox.- The Organism As Paradigm.- The Firm As Paradigm.- Hydra As Paradigm.- Definitions, Words, and Things.- The Biological Species Concept.- Objectification of Species As Closed Systems.- Objectification of Species As Open Systems.- Pattern and Process: Complementary Views of Nature.- References.- 5. A Morphogenetic Approach to the Origin and Basic Organization of the Tetrapod Limb.- Morphogenesis and Homology: The Pattern of the Tetrapod Limb.- Invariance and Homology: The Pattern of the Tetrapod Limb.- Morphogenesis and Character Polarity: Von Baerian versus Haeckelian Recapitulation.- Recent Criticisms of Classical Views of Homology and Recapitulation of the Tetrapod Limb.- Developmental Patterns in the Limb Skeleton: Connectivity, Branching, and Segmentation.- to Developmental Bifurcations.- Review of Chondrogenesis.- Limb Patterning Viewed As a Hierarchical Sequence of "Branching" Events.- Branching, Segmentation, and de novo Condensation: Pattern and Process in Limb Development.- Comparative Embryology.- Experimental Embryology.- Evolution Proceeds by Alteration in the Sequence of the Three Basic Morphogenetic Events.- The Ground-Plan of the Tetrapod Limb.- Later Developmental Alterations of the Pattern of Connectivity.- The Metapterygial Axis of the Tetrapod Limb.- Embryonic Connectivity: A Reanalysis of the Metapterygial Axis.- Variance and Invariance in Limb Development.- The Homology of the "Radiale" in Turtles and Mammals.- The Anuran Hindlimb.- Embryonic Connectivity: Causal Mechanism and Homology.- Conclusion: Comparative Morphology and Evolutionary Theory.- Summary.- Appendix: Symbols and Abbreviations.- References.- 6. Developmental Evidence for Amphibian Origins.- Characters.- Block to Polyspermy.- Mesoderm Formation.- Notochord Formation.- Somitogenesis.- Primordial Germ Cells.- Apical Ectodermal Ridge.- Prechondrogenic Limb Condensations and Limb Cartilages.- Discussion.- Prognosis.- References.- 7. The Origin of Amphikinesis in Lizards: A Problem in Functional Morphology and the Evolution of Adaptive Systems.- Kinesis in Eosuchians.- Kinesis in Lizards.- Adaptive Significance of Kinesis.- The Origin of Lizards.- Lizardlike Fossils.- Diagnostic Cranial Features of Lizards.- Evolution and Cranial Function.- Reduction of the Lower Temporal Bar.- Streptostyly and Tongue Extension.- The Attainment of Amphikinesis.- Theoretical Evolutionary Implications.- Summary.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Appendix D.- Appendix E.- References.