The Development and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior

I General Theoretical Approaches.- 1 American Study of Helping Behavior: What? Why? And Where?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Helping Behavior: What?.- 2.1. Origins of Helping Behavior Research.- 2.2. Directions of Study of Helping Behavior.- 3. Helping Behavior: Why?.- 3.1. Emergence of Helping Behavior Research.- 3.2. Nature of Helping Behavior Research.- 4. Helping Behavior: Where?.- 4.1. Research Derived from a Theory.- 4.2. Methods of Research.- 4.3. Social Context.- 4.4. Interdisciplinary Approach.- 4.5. Relevance.- 5. References.- 2 Notes Toward an Interactionist-Motivational Theory of the Determinants and Development of (Pro)Social Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conceptualizing Persons: Focus on Motivation.- 3. Conceptualizing Environments.- 4. Self-concept, Other Personal Characteristics, and the Determination of Behavior.- 5. Research Supporting and Testing the Theoretical Model..- 6. The Development of Social Behavior and Personal Goals.- 6.1. The Development of Specific Goals in Children.- 6.2. Prosocial Goal Orientation.- 7. The Effects of Existing Personality on Further Development...- 7.1. Children Shaping Their Own Environment.- 7.2. Socialization, Existing Personality, and Principles of Change.- 8. References.- 3 Spatial Organization of a Cognitive System and Intrinsic Prosocial Motivation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Initial Assumptions.- 3. A Model of a Cognitive System: Multidimensional Space.- 4. Representation of Social Objects in a Cognitive System.- 5. Personal Involvement as a Function of Psychological Distance..- 6. Whom Shall We Help?.- 7. Some Complications of the Theory of Psychological Distance...- 8. Concluding Remarks.- 9. References.- II Developmental Aspects.- 4 Roots, Motives, And Patterns In Children's Prosocial Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subjects.- 3. Procedures.- 4. Findings.- 4.1. Early Development.- 4.2. Individuality in Development.- 4.3. Rearing Influences on Prosocial Behavior.- 5. Concluding Comments.- 6. References.- 5 Prosocial Behavior in the Preschool Years: Methodological and Conceptual Issues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Classification of Types of Prosocial Responses.- 2.1. The Research.- 2.2. Methodological Issues.- 3. Spontaneous versus "Asked-for" Prosocial Behaviors.- 3.1. The Research.- 4. Implications of the Research on Spontaneous and "Asked-for" Behaviors.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 6 Parent Discipline, Moral Internalization, and Development of Prosocial Motivation.- 1. Introduction...- 2. Moral Internalization and Moral Motivation.- 2.1. Why Is Discipline Important?.- 2.2. Generalizations from Research.- 3. An Information-Processing Approach to Discipline and Moral Internalization.- 3.1. The Child's Affective and Cognitive Responses in Discipline Encounters.- 3.2. What Happens between Discipline Encounters and Moral Encounters?.- 3.3. Introduction of the Moral Dimension in Early Discipline Encounters.- 3.4. Relation to Development of Empathy.- 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 7 Focus of Attention and Altruism: Endocentric and Exocentric Sources of Altruistic Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Endocentric versus Exocentric Sources of Altruism: The Measurement of Individual Differences.- 3. Childrearing Antecedences of Endocentric and Exocentric Altruism.- 4. Endocentric versus Exocentric Sources of Altruism: An Experimental Approach.- 5. Endocentric versus Exocentric Motivation and Psychological Reactance.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 8 Regulatory Theory of Personality and the Development of Prosocial Behaviors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Regulatory Theory of Personality: General Model.- 2.1. Emotional-Drive Mechanisms.- 2.2. The Self-Structure.- 2.3. The Value System and the Operational System: The Twofold Nature of the Cognitive System.- 3. Motivational Role of the Personality Organization.- 3.1. The Emotional-Drive Mechanisms.- 3.2. The Self-Structure.- 3.3. The Value System.- 3.4. The Operational System.- 4. Regulatory Theory of Personality and the Regulation of Prosocial Behavior.- 4.1. Emotional-Drive Mechanisms and Prosocial Behaviors...- 4.2. Self-Structure and Prosocial Behaviors.- 4.3. Value System and Prosocial Behaviors.- 4.4. Operational System and Prosocial Behaviors.- 5. Some General Conclusions: The Multimotivational Nature of Prosocial Behaviors.- 6. References.- 9 Development of Cooperation and Help-Seeking Activities: An Action Theoretical Approach.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Cognition and Social Behavior.- 1.2. The Individual-Environment Relationship.- 2. The Action Theoretical Approcah.- 2.1. The Plan of Action.- 2.2. Help-Seeking Activities and the Action Theoretical Approach.- 3. Research from an Action Theoretical Perspective.- 3.1. Research on Components of the Plan of Action.- 3.2. Methods of Goal Attainment.- 3.3. Procedure and Subjects.- 3.4. Results.- 3.5. Discussion.- 4. General Discussion and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 10 The Development of Capacity for Altruism as a Function of Object Relations Development and Vicissitudes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Motivation for Altruism.- 3. The Development of Altruism.- 4. Infancy.- 5. Childhood: The Crib of Friendship.- 5.1. Contribution of Inner Objects.- 5.2. Contribution of New Objects.- 6. Adolescence: Opposite-Sex Friend.- 6.1. Broadening Concept of the Other.- 6.2. A Model that Emphasizes Intimacy.- 6.3. A Model that Emphasizes Identity.- 7. Adulthood: Individual Differences.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- III Determinants of Prosocial Behavior.- 11 Internalized Values as Motivators of Altruism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Value-Based Decision-Making Model.- 2.1. Attention.- 2.2. Generation of Feelings of Obligation.- 2.3. Anticipatory Evaluation.- 2.4. Defense.- 2.5. Behavior.- 3. Issues in the Study of Feelings of Moral Obligation.- 3.1. The Relation of Personal Norms to Values.- 3.2. Measuring Feelings of Moral Obligation.- 4. Altruism, Moral Values, and Intrinsic Motivation.- 4.1. Personal Norms as an Intrinsic Source of Motivation.- 4.2. Undermining Intrinsic Motivation and Boomerangs against Helping Appeals.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 12 Freedom of Choice and Moral Behavior.- 1. Theoretical Introduction.- 2. Freedom of Choice and Aggression.- 3. Freedom of Choice and Response to the Request for Help.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 13 The Altruistic Personality: Evidence from Laboratory, Naturalistic, and Self-Report Perspectives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence from Controlled Laboratory Investigations.- 2.1. Evidence for Consistency.- 2.2. Motivations for Altruism.- 2.3. Summary.- 3. Evidence from Naturalistic Studies of Community Volunteers..- 3.1. Empathy.- 3.2. Internal Moral Standards.- 3.3. Summary.- 4. Evidence from Studies Using a Self-Report Measure of Altruism.- 4.1. The Peer Rating Study.- 4.2. The Predicting Altruistic Responses Study.- 4.3. The Convergent Validity Study.- 4.4. Summary.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 14 Competence and Helping: Notes Toward a Model.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Model of Competence and Helping.- 3. Supporting Evidence.- 3.1. Competence as an Antecedent of Helping.- 3.2. Competence and Effective Helping.- 3.3. Psychosocial Outcomes of Helping.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 15 Altruism and Patterns of Social Interaction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Incidental Helping.- 3. Asymmetrical Contingencies: Normative Explanations.- 4. Sudden Emergencies.- 5. Mutuality of Prosocial Responses.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- 7. References.- 16 The Helpfulness of Urban Villagers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Helpfulness in Turkish Urban Villages.- 3. Conclusions.- 4. References.- IV Help Seeking and Help Receiving.- 17 Help Seeking and Social Interaction: Person, Situation, and Process Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Study 1: The Reluctance to Impose.- 3. Study 2: The Sounds of Shyness.- 4. Study 3: Verbal and Nonverbal "Busy Signals".- 5. Study 4: Selective Nonverbal Sensitivity-A Facilitator of Help Seeking.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- 7. References.- 18 Some Paradoxical Status Implications of Helping And Being Helped.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Preexisting Relationship as a Situational Moderator.- 2.1. Preexisting Relationships among Nonpeers.- 2.2. Preexisting Peer and Close Relationships.- 3. Self-Esteem as a Personal Moderator.- 4. Some Effects of Efficacy- versus Empathy-Based Helping on Self-Other Evaluations.- 5. Further Avenues for Needed Research.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 19 The Darker Side of Helping: The Social Dynamics of Helping and Cooperation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Interpersonal Dynamics of Helping.- 3. Power: A Motive for Helping.- 4. Learning to Help.- 5. The Psychology of Receiving Help.- 6. Power, Helping, and Intergroup Relations.- 7. Cooperation: An Alternative to Helping.- 8. Helping, Cooperation, and Intergroup Relations: An Experimental Examination.- 9. Results.- 10. The Helping Dilemma: Some Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.- 20 Effects Of Donor-Recipient Relationships On Recipients' Reactions To Aid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Recipients' Reactions to Aid: Theory and Research.- 2.1. Equity.- 2.2. Reactance.- 2.3. Attribution Theories.- 2.4. Threat to Self-Esteem.- 3. Donor-Recipient Relations and Recipients' Reactions to Aid...- 3.1. Overall Quality of Donor-Recipient Relations.- 3.2. Donor-Recipient Similarity: The Comparison Stress in Aid.- 4. Donor-Recipient Similarity and Overall Quality of Relations...- 4.1. An Overall View.- 4.2. To ward Integration.- 4.3. Links with Past Research and Theory.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- V Applications Of Knowledge About Prosocial Behavior.- 21 Enhancing Prosocial Behavior Through Cooperative Learning in the Classroom.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Classroom: A Social World of Childhood.- 1.2. How Do Schools Make a Difference?.- 1.3. Conceptual Overview of the Group Investigation Model in Cooperative Learning.- 2. The Small Group Teaching Project in Israel.- 2.1. Research Design.- 2.2. Results.- 3. Conclusions and Thoughts about Future Research.- 4. References.- 22 Community as Target: A New Perspective to Research on Prosocial Behavior.- 1. Western Perspective.- 2. Indian Perspective.- 3. References.- 23 Bystander Intervention in Crimes: Research and Application.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Victimization Surveys.- 1.2. Experimentation.- 1.3. Hypothetical Events.- 2. Citizen Crime Reporting Projects (CCRPs).- 2.1. Research Methodology.- 2.2. Analysis of Project Treatment of Nonreporting.- 2.3. Conclusions.- 3. References.- 24 Learning to "Give To Unnamed Strangers": The Process of Commitment to Regular Blood Donation.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. A General Framework for the Analysis of Action.- 1.2. Development of Motives that Promote Donation.- 1.3. Neutralization of Constraints against Donation.- 2. The "Blood, Sweat, and Fears" Research Project.- 2.1. Empirical and Theoretical Foundations.- 2.2. The Development of Motives for Donation and the Neutralization of Costs.- 2.3. Predicting Behavioral Commitment.- 2.4. Internal-External Impetus Donors and Reported Motives at First Donation.- 3. Summary.- 4. References.- Author Index.