The Chemistry of Behavior

Section I The Molecular Basis Of Neuronal Activity.- 1The Neuronal Membrane.- Excitable Membranes.- Membrane “Pumps”.- Ionic Channels.- The Sodium Channel.- The Potassium Channel.- The Calcium Channel.- 2 Membrane Lipids.- Fatty Acids in the Brain.- Glycerophosphatides in the Brain.- Sphingolipids in the Brain.- Sphingomyelins.- Glycosphingolipids.- Cerebrosides.- Sulfatides.- Gangliosides.- Isoprenoid Lipids.- Lipofuscin.- Myelin.- 3 The Nerve Impulse.- 4 Synaptic Transmission.- Electrotonic Communication between Neurons.- The Structure of Chemical Synapses.- Function of the Synapse.- Neurotransmitters.- Neurotransmitter Receptors.- Synaptosomal Metabolism.- 5 The Blood-Brain Barrier and Extracellular Fluid.- The Blood-Brain Barrier.- Brain Extracellular Space.- The Cerebrospinal Fluid.- Activity of Neuroglia.- 6 Synaptic Plasticity.- Synaptic Plasticity and Learning.- Complex Nature of Synaptic Plasticity.- 7 Morphological Changes Associated with Brain Plasticity.- Summary and Speculations.- Recommended Readings.- References.- Section II The Energy Supply to the Neurons.- 8 Glucose and Energy Metabolism in the Brain.- Transport and Consumption of Glucose.- Brain Glycogen.- Pathways of Glucose Metabolism in the Brain.- Pentose Phosphate Cycle.- Energy Metabolism in Brain Tissue.- Brain Oxygen Consumption.- Mitochondria.- 9 Blood Flow and Temperature of the Brain.- Brain Temperature.- Summary and Speculations.- Recommended Readings.- References.- Section III Proteins in the Brain: Metabolism and Function.- 10 Purine and Pyrimidine Bases in the Brain.- 11 Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Its Role in the Brain.- Neuronal DNA Content.- DNA Replication.- Functional Importance of Changes in DNA.- 12 Ribonucleic Acids in the Brain.- RNA Synthesis.- Gene Expression in Neurons.- Brain RNA.- 13 Brain Amino Acids.- Amino Acid Transport.- Amino Acid Synthesis.- Ammonia in the Brain.- 14 Functional Aspects of Protein Synthesis in the Brain.- Synthesis of Proteins.- Protein Synthesis in the Brain.- Protein Modification.- Turnover of Brain Proteins.- Some Specific Brain Proteins.- Synaptic Proteins.- Synaptic Glycoproteins.- Glycosaminoglycans.- Synaptic Phosphoproteins.- Protein Synthesis and Brain Function.- Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis.- 15 Second Messenger Systems in the Brain.- Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate.- Phosphorylation of Nuclear Proteins.- Phosphorylation of Synaptic Proteins.- Other Functions of Cyclic AMP.- Functional Aspects of cAMP Metabolism.- Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate.- Calcium as a Second Messenger.- 16 Transport of Substances Throughout the Neuron.- Basic Characteristics of Axoplasmic Flow.- Mechanism of Transport.- The Role of Axoplasmic Transport.- Retrograde Transport.- Transneuronal Transport.- Summary and Speculations.- Recommended Readings.- References.- Section IV Functional Aspects of Neurotransmitter Activity.- 17 Cholinergic Systems.- Biochemistry of Acetylcholine.- Role of Acetyl-Coenzyme A.- Role of Choline.- Biosynthesis of Acetylcholine.- Release of Acetylcholine.- Acetylcholinesterases.- Acetylcholine Receptors.- Cholinergic Systems.- Acetylcholine and Behavior.- Acetylcholine and Learning.- 18 Catecholaminergic Systems.- Synthesis and Metabolism of Catecholamines.- Catecholamine Storage, Release and Inactivation.- ?- and ?-Adrenergic Receptors.- Dopaminergic Receptors.- Effects of Catecholamines on Neurons.- Catecholaminergic Neuroanatomy.- Actions of Catecholaminergic Systems.- Catecholamines and Learning.- 19 Serotonergic and Histaminergic Systems.- Synthesis and Metabolism of Serotonin.- Anatomy of Serotonergic Neurons.- Cellular Actions of Serotonin.- Actions of Serotonergic Systems.- Serotonin and Learning.- Histamine as a Neurotransmitter.- Synthesis and Metabolism of Histamine.- Physiological Actions of Histamine..- 20 Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters.- Glutamic Acid.- Aspartic Acid.- Glycine.- ?-Alanine.- Taurine.- Proline.- ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- ?-Hydroxybutyric Acid.- 21 Other Putative Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.- Purines.- Eicosanoids in the Brain.- Summary and Speculations.- Recommended Readings.- References.- Section V The Brain as an Endocrine Gland.- 22 Endocrine and “Paracrine” Effects on Brain Activity.- General Actions of Hormones.- Classification of Humoral Agents in the Brain.- Neuroendocrine Systems.- Hypothalamic Peptides.- 23 The Control of Sexual Behavior.- Brain Areas Controlling Sexual Behavior.- Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone.- Pituitary Gonadotropic Hormones.- Prolactin.- Hormones of the Ovary.- Hormones of the Testis.- Testosterone and Behavior.- Effects of Sex Hormones on Brain Functions.- 24 The Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Behavior.- Corticotropin Releasing Factor.- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone.- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone.- Behavioral Effects of ACTH/MSH Peptides.- ACTH and Learning.- The Adrenal Cortex and the Brain.- 25 Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid.- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone.- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.- The Thyroid and the Brain.- 26 Growth Hormone and Its Secretion.- Growth Hormone Releasing and Release Inhibiting Factors.- Growth Hormone.- 27 Neurochemistry of Thirst and Hunger.- Control of Water Metabolism.- The Renin-Angiotensin System.- Vasopressin and Oxytocin.- Neurotensin.- Peptides Present in the Brain and Gut.- Insulin.- 28 Neurochemistry of Pain.- Precursors of Opioid Peptides.- Endorphins.- Enkephalins.- Dynorphin.- Cellular Effects of Opioid Peptides.- Possible Functions of Opioid Peptides.- Substance P.- Bradykinin.- 29 Some Other Notable Brain Peptides.- Calcitonin.- Sleep-Related Peptides.- Additional Brain Peptides.- Brain Dipeptides.- Behavioral Peptides.- Summary and Speculations.- Recommended Readings.- References.- Section VI A Model of Neuronal Plasticity and Some Speculations on its Relationship to Learning and Memory.- A Model of Neuronal Plasticity and Some Speculations on its Relationship to Learning and Memory.- References.