DANIEL STAR is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Boston University. He is the author of Knowing Better: Virtue, Deliberation, and Normative Ethics (2015) in addition to numerous journal articles, and most recently edited the Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity (2018). ROGER CRISP is Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford, Uehiro Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford, and Professorial Fellow at the Australian Catholic University. He is the author of Mill on Utilitarianism (1997), Reasons and the Good (2008), and The Cosmos of Duty (2015). He is also editor of the Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics (2013) and has translated Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics.

Acknowledgements vii

List of Sources ix

Introduction xi

Part I Ancient and Medieval Ethics 1

1 Gorgias and Republic: The Authority of Morality 3
Plato

2 Republic (Continued): Justice and Virtue 25
Plato

3 Republic (Continued): The Good 41
Plato

4 Nicomachean Ethics: The Good Life 53
Aristotle

5 Nicomachean Ethics (Continued): The Nature of Virtue 67
Aristotle

6 Nicomachean Ethics (Continued): Responsibility and Practical Wisdom 77
Aristotle

7 Epicurus to Menoeceus and Principal Doctrines 91
Epicurus

8 The Discourses of Epictetus and the Manual, or Enchiridion 99
Epictetus

9 The Enchiridion 113
Saint Augustine

10 Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica 121
Saint Thomas Aquinas

Part II Modern Ethics 137

1 Leviathan 139
Thomas Hobbes

2 Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel and Dissertation II: On the Nature of Virtue 147
Joseph Butler

3 A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals: Reason and the Passions 165
David Hume

4 An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals: Virtue and Utility 183
David Hume

5 The Theory of Moral Sentiments 201
Adam Smith

6 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and the Metaphysics of Morals: Reason and the Good Will 219
Immanuel Kant

7 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Continued): The Categorical Imperative 231
Immanuel Kant

8 An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 247
Jeremy Bentham

9 Utilitarianism and the Subjection of Women 255
John Stuart Mill

10 On the Genealogy of Morality 281
Friedrich Nietzsche

11 The Methods of Ethics 299
Henry Sidgwick

Part III Foundations of Contemporary Ethics 331

1 Principia Ethica 333
G. E. Moore

2 The Right and the Good 343
W. D. Ross

3 Language, Truth and Logic 359
Alfred Jules Ayer

4 The Naturalistic Fallacy 367
W. K. Frankena

5 Modern Moral Philosophy 377
G. E. M. Anscombe

6 The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect 389
Philippa Foot

7 Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong 397
J. L. Mackie

8 A Theory of Justice 411
John Rawls

9 Ethical Theory and Utilitarianism 431
R. M. Hare

Index 443