Digital Wood Design (eBook)

Contents 6
Introduction 12
DWD 12
Drawing as Model 14
The Structure of the Volume 18
Integrated Approach and Generative Design 23
WOOD, CAD AND AI: Digital Modelling as Place of Convergence of Natural and Artificial Intelligent to Design Timber Architecture 24
1 Introduction 25
2 Background 32
3 Methods and Materials 34
4 Experimentations 35
4.1 Responsive Architecture: Study, Characterization and Realization of “Unplywood” Panels for Passive Ventilation Systems 35
4.2 Innovations and Experimentations for Double-Curved Timber Surfaces: Design and Characterization of a Flexible and Engineered Solid Wood Panel 40
4.3 Redrawing Descriptive and Projective Geometry: Generative Design of Stereotomy and Japanese Joints for CAD/CAM Application 44
4.4 Wooden Tensegrity Structures and Morphological Evolutions of Transpolyhedra 49
4.5 AI for Mass-Customized Housing. Multi-objective Optimization as a Decision Support System 53
4.6 The Ames Room Pavilion. The Reinterpretation of the Classical by Generative Design 58
5 Conclusions 66
References 67
Beyond Form Definition: Material Informed Digital Fabrication in Timber Construction 82
1 Introduction 83
2 Patterns of Innovation in Materials and Their Consequences 86
2.1 Steel 86
2.2 Concrete 88
3 Current Innovation Relating to Wood 89
3.1 Innovation—Customized Timber Products 89
3.2 Innovation—Digital Design 90
3.3 Innovation—Engineering Analysis 91
3.4 Engaging with Material Characteristics 91
3.5 Innovation—Fabrication 94
3.6 Innovation: Summary 95
4 Methodology 95
5 Results 96
5.1 Prototype 1 96
5.2 Prototype 2 102
6 Discussion 108
7 Conclusion 110
References 111
New Workflows for Digital Timber 114
1 Introduction 115
1.1 Background 115
1.2 CITA and Innochain 116
1.3 A New Case for Timber 116
2 The Material Complexity of Timber 117
2.1 Diversity in Wood 117
2.2 Fibre in Construction 120
3 Three Experiments 121
3.1 Experiment 1: The Fibre 122
3.2 Experiment 2: The Blank 129
3.3 Experiment 3: The Structure 146
4 Conclusion 151
4.1 Digitally Designed Wood 151
4.2 Extended Digital Production 152
4.3 Digital Interfaces Across Disciplinary Silos 152
4.4 The Way Forward 154
References 154
Negotiated Materialization: Design Approaches Integrating Wood Heterogeneity Through Advanced Robotic Fabrication 156
1 Introduction 157
1.1 Dynamic Blueprints and Cyber Physical Making 157
1.2 Digital Negotiations in Wood Constructions 158
2 Tolerance Management in Digital Fabrication: Case Studies 159
2.1 “Fusta Robotica” and “Digital Urban Orchard” 160
2.2 Fusta Robotica: Design Against Material 161
2.3 “Digital Urban Orchard”: Design with Tolerances 163
2.4 “Digital Woodcraft” and “Robotic Sawmill”: Design and Fabrication Strategies Based on Natural Wood Characteristics 167
3 Digital Craftsmanship 170
3.1 “Adaptive Robotic Carving”: Digital Craftsmanship and Machine Learning 171
4 Conclusions 175
References 178
Advanced Timber Concepts and the Design of Furniture and Structures 180
1 Introduction 181
2 The Architecture of Furniture 183
3 Flat-Pack Housing 186
4 Generative Fabrications 187
4.1 Gridshell Experiment 188
4.2 Research Pavilions 190
5 Complex Timber Structures 199
5.1 South Hedland Shade Structure 202
5.2 Pingelly Cultural and Recreation Centre 205
5.3 Forestry Tower 210
6 Designer-Material Relationships and Conclusion 213
References 215
Lattice Shell Methodologies: Material Values, Digital Parameters 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Lattice Shell Precedents 218
3 Parametric Process as Manipulable System from Design to Construction 219
4 Lattice Shell Principles 220
5 Parametric Approach 222
6 Lath Pattern: Projected, Applied, and Geodesic 222
7 Previous Work 223
8 Parametric Lattice Shell Development 224
8.1 Parametric Wood Seminar 224
8.2 Smart Geometry Gridshell 225
9 Korlandia Gridshell 227
9.1 Design Process 228
9.2 Material Constraints and Analysis 229
9.3 Design for Fabrication 231
9.4 Steel Fabrication and Erection 232
9.5 Lath Fabrication and Assembly 233
9.6 Scanning and Verification 236
9.7 Sheathing 239
10 Conclusion 240
References 241
Toward Mass Customized Architecture. Applying Principles of Mass Customization While Designing Site-Specific, Customer-Inclusive and Bespoke Timber Structures 242
1 Introduction 243
2 The Computational Workflow 245
2.1 Software Platform 245
2.2 Workflow 246
3 Establishment of a Shared Parametric Approach for Architects, Structural Engineers and Manufacturers 248
3.1 Architect’s Conception of an Element 249
3.2 Structural Engineer’s Conception of an Element 249
3.3 Manufacturer’s Conceptions of an Element 250
3.4 A Solution that Integrates the Three Conceptions 250
4 Rethinking Parametric Detailing: Introducing Property-Based Detailing Groups 251
4.1 Detailing Groups 253
4.2 Node Properties 256
5 Digital Subtractive Tools 257
5.1 Architect 258
5.2 Structural Engineer 259
5.3 Manufacturer 259
5.4 Finding a Shared Detailing Solution 260
6 Case Studies 262
6.1 Orkla Bridges 262
6.2 Freestyle Water Ramp 264
6.3 Log House Sauna 264
6.4 Plywood Shelf 267
7 Discussion and Conclusion 267
References 269
Reciprocal Implications Between Design and Construction Process of Timber Gridshell 271
1 Introduction 272
2 Gridshell Form Finding Tool 2.0 273
2.1 The Bent Timber Gridshell 273
2.2 The Chain Last Link 274
3 The First Experimental Applications of the Tool 276
3.1 The Covering of the Entrance to the Archaeological Park of San Vincenzo al Volturno 276
3.2 The Coverage of the Remains of the Neolithic Settlement of the Campi Diomedei Park in Foggia 280
3.3 The Idea of the New Tool and Its First Application 283
4 Conclusions 283
References 284
Reinterpretation of Traditional Wood Structures with Digital Design and Fabrication Technologies 285
1 Introduction 285
2 REVERSE RAFTER—Reinterpretation of Traditional Chinese Wood Tectonics 287
2.1 Prototype Research 287
2.2 Structural Performance Simulation and Optimization 289
2.3 Digital Fabrication 291
2.4 Evaculation 292
3 DigitalFUTURE 2017 Gridshell—Reinterpretation of Strained Gridshell 293
3.1 Grid Pattern Generation and Optimization 294
3.2 Structural Optimization 296
3.3 Robotic Fabrication and Assembly 298
3.4 Results and Discussion 301
4 Conclusion 302
References 302
Centrality of Representation As a Synthesis Model and Morphological Comprehension 303
Wood as an Essential Material in Architectural and Civil Engineering Models from the Renaissance to the Architectural Avant-Garde 304
1 Introduction 304
2 Wood as a Scale Building Material 306
3 The Models of Antiquity and the Dark Centuries 308
4 The Golden Age of Wooden Models: The Renaissance 308
5 Virtuosity in Model Making During the Baroque Period 311
6 The Triumph of Drawing Over Models: Beaux Arts Versus Industrialization 318
7 The Anthropocene Models: Two Iconic Examples 323
7.1 The Tatlin Tower 323
7.2 Adolf Loos’ House for Joséphine Baker 324
8 Models as Design Instruments in Contemporary Architecture: Some Pritzker Prizes 326
9 Some Unique Uses: From Palladio to “Plans-Reliefs” 329
9.1 Scenography as a Distorted Model of Reality 329
9.2 “Plans-Reliefs” or City Models 330
9.3 Photography as Trompe L’oeil 333
9.4 The Model of the Great Hall of the Elbphilharmonie 334
10 New Technologies in the Manufacture of Wooden Models 335
11 Conclusions 337
References 338
The Wooden Models of the Vatican Basilica by Antonio da Sangallo and Michelangelo: Survey, Modelling and Interpretation 340
1 Introduction 341
2 Tangible Versus Intangible 344
3 Sangallo’s and Michelangelo’s Models: Capturing, Study and Reconstruction 345
4 Conclusions 360
References 360
Representing with Wood: Carlo Lucangeli and the Model of the Flavian Amphitheatre 362
1 Carlo Lucangeli and the Modeling Tradition 362
2 The Survey of a Wooden Model: Purposes and Methodologies 365
2.1 Purposes 365
2.2 Methodologies and Results 367
3 Composition and Decomposition: The Wooden Model as an Instrument of Knowledge and Communication 372
3.1 Composition and Knowledge 372
3.2 Decomposition and Communication 389
4 Conclusion 390
References 391
The Teatro of Bologna as a Transformable Space: Drawing, Geometry and Invention in the Study of the Wooden Model of the Theater by Antonio Galli Bibiena 393
1 The Galli-Bibiena Family and the Tradition of Theatrical Scenery in Bologna 393
2 The Teatro of Bologna as a Transformable Space 394
3 Modelling the Theatre, a Wooden Tool for Design Visualization: 3D Reconstruction and Analysis Workflow 399
4 The Teatro of Bologna as Transformable Space: Illustrating the Wooden Mechanism 404
5 Conclusions 410
References 412
Learning by Prototyping: Wood Design Course Experience 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Before You Run Learn to Walk 415
3 “Contact”, When the Best Design Found the Digital Fabrication 418
4 “Add a Seat to the Table” and “from the Tree to the Design” Projects: Build Together, Learn Together 420
5 Students Wooden Start-Up Companies 425
6 Conclusion 429
References 431
Parametric Kerf Bending: Manufacturing Double Curvature Surfaces for Wooden Furniture Design 432
1 Introduction 433
2 Theoretical Background—Geometry 433
2.1 Differential Classification of Surfaces 434
2.2 Developable Surfaces 435
2.3 From 3D to 2D Shape to Cut 436
2.4 Non Developable Surfaces 437
3 Theoretical Background—How to Make Wood Flexible 439
3.1 Cutting Only on One Side of the Panel 440
3.2 Cutting on Both Sides 441
3.3 Cutting Through Thickness of the Panel 442
4 Experimentation Process—Different Approaches 444
4.1 Prototypes 445
4.2 Pattern Design Process 446
4.3 Relation Between Pattern and Curvature: Tests Prototypes 447
5 Design Results 448
5.1 An Hyperbolic Paraboloid to Design a Stool 452
6 Digital Fabrication: Problems and Solutions 454
7 Conclusions and Further Research 455
References 456
Digital Joinery for Hybrid Carpentry 457
1 Introduction 457
2 Related Work 458
3 Wood Joinery: From Traditional to Digital 459
4 Digital Joinery for Hybrid Carpentry 460
5 Digital Joinery Anchors 460
6 Generative Joinery Design Tool (GJDT) 463
7 The Hybrid Design Process and Workflow 466
8 Design Case: Stool Collection 468
9 Evaluation 470
10 Conclusions and Future Work 474
References 476
Geometric Patterns and the Art of Kundekari in Traditional Turkish Woodworking 478
1 Introduction 478
2 General Characteristics of Kundekari Technique 480
2.1 Real Kundekari 480
2.2 False Kundekari 482
3 Geometric Motif Use in Kundekari Technique 483
4 Kundekari Examples 484
5 Kundekari Technique in Restorations 487
6 Conclusion 490
References 493
Digital Wood Trusses. Geometry and Parameters/Fabrication and Monitoring 494
1 Introduction 495
2 Literary Review 496
3 Methodology 500
3.1 Stereotomy and Woodworking 503
3.2 The BIM Model: Parameterization and Interoperability 505
4 Case Study 508
4.1 Structure of the Roof of the Church of the Eremitani 508
4.2 The BIM Model: Relationship Between Parameters 512
5 Conclusions 518
References 523
Digital Technologies for Cultural Heritage: 3D Representation of Complex Wooden Structures 525
1 Introduction 526
2 The Metric Acquisition in the Ducal Palace 527
3 Surveying a Wooden Dome 528
3.1 The Dome of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 529
3.2 On-site Data Acquisition 530
3.3 Data Processing 532
3.4 3D Digital Representations 533
3.5 The Purpose of the 3D Model 535
4 Surveying Wooden Trusses 536
4.1 The History of the Magazzini del Sale 537
4.2 Integrated Techniques for Data Acquisition 538
4.3 Data Elaboration 540
4.4 Representations and Final Considerations 541
5 Conclusions 543
References 544
AHBIM for Wooden Built Heritage Conservation 547
1 Introduction 548
2 AH-BIM for the Architectural Heritage 549
3 Survey and Analysis 550
4 Parametric Modeling 554
5 Knowledge Sharing: Virtual Reality and Cloud-Based Platforms 556
6 Conclusion 558
References 559
Shape and Design of Ancestral Fishing Machines Between Geometry and Technology 561
1 Introduction 561
2 Constructive Elements Technology 563
2.1 Platform 563
2.2 Cabin 564
2.3 Winch 564
2.4 Flagpoles 565
2.5 Load Bearing Poles 565
2.6 Net 567
2.7 Catwalk 567
3 Analysis of Materials Decay 568
4 Phases for a Methodic and Coherent Preservation 570
5 Preservation and Reconstruction Activity 572
6 Conclusion 574
References 577
3D Digital Systems for the Documentation and Representation of the Wooden Heritage Between Finland and Russia: Survey Methods and Procedures for Detailed Analysis 578
1 Introduction 579
1.1 The Support of European Funding Schemes 581
2 The Case Studies Between Russia and Finland 584
3 Research Approach and Criterions 588
4 Digital Survey Methods and Procedures for the Documentation of Wooden Heritage 591
4.1 Post Production Phase and Out-Puts Obtained from the Data Acquired 597
4.2 Final Results: Digital Documentations and Representations 602
5 Conclusion 604
References 606
“Techos de Armaduras” in Cuban Colonial Architecture: Cuban Coverings from XVII to XVIII Century 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Coverings in Mudéjar Architecture 608
3 Comparison Between European and Mudéjar Roofings 611
4 Main Features of Mudéjar Architecture in Cuba 614
5 Declination in the Constructive System of Cuban Colonial Architecture 616
6 Mudéjar Decorations in Cuba 622
7 Survey and Structure Form Motion of Cuban Roofs 624
8 Conclusions 632
References 633
The Caribbean Bahareque: From Living Branches to the Wall 635
1 Introduction 636
2 From Living Branches to the Wall 637
2.1 The Bahareque 640
3 Conclusion 646
References 646
Connection Between Nature Lessons and Material Explorations 648
Computational Mechanical Modelling of Wood—From Microstructural Characteristics Over Wood-Based Products to Advanced Timber Structures 649
1 Introduction 650
1.1 Motivation 651
1.2 Structure and Objectives 652
2 Computational Modelling Tools 654
2.1 Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) 657
2.2 Limit Analysis (LA) 658
2.3 Elastic Limit (EL) Approach 659
3 Multiscale Model for Wood 661
4 Mechanical Behavior of Wood 662
4.1 Effective Strengths at Annual Ring and Clear Wood Scale 663
4.2 Morphology Identification at Wooden Board Scale 667
4.3 Effective Strengths at Wood-Product Scale 669
4.4 Stochastic Aspects 671
5 Elastically-Deformed Wooden Structures 672
5.1 Design Procedure 673
5.2 Deformation Data 674
5.3 Interaction and Relaxation 675
6 Geometric Design Concepts Applicable to Wood 676
6.1 Geodesic Strips 676
6.2 Freeform Structures from Flat Panels and Straight Beams 678
7 Conclusion 679
References 680
Hygroscapes: Innovative Shape Shifting Façades 684
1 Introduction 685
2 Relevant Work 687
3 Hygroscopic Properties of Wood: Preliminary Experiments 688
3.1 Dimensional Ratio 689
3.2 Grain Orientation 689
3.3 Lamination 692
4 Shape Shifting Prototypes 693
4.1 Method 693
4.2 Prototype 1 694
4.3 Prototype 2 697
4.4 Prototype 3 699
4.5 Prototype 4 702
4.6 Prototype 5 702
5 Discussion 704
5.1 Shape Shifting Mechanisms 704
5.2 Shape Shifting Grammars 708
6 Conclusion 709
References 710
Adaptive Wooden Architecture. Designing a Wood Composite with Shape-Memory Behavior 712
1 Introduction: A New Understanding of Wood as an Architectural Material 713
2 Curved Surfaces and Kerfing Techniques 715
3 Developing and Testing the Responsive Polymer Resin 717
4 Fabrication of the Wood Composite 721
5 Conclusion 723
References 725
Geometry-Induced System of Controlled Deformations. Application in Self-organized Wooden Gridshell Structures 727
1 Introduction 727
2 Background 728
2.1 Transformable Structures 728
2.2 Self-formation Processes in Bending-Active Structures 729
3 Inspiration from Microscale and Research Objectives 730
3.1 Self-actuating Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Composites 730
3.2 Wood as a Case Study Material 731
3.3 Research Framework 732
4 Geometry-Induced Variable Stiffness Elements 733
4.1 System’s Principle of Operation 733
4.2 Design Process and Geometrical Parameters 735
5 Physical Experiments 737
5.1 Suspended Gridshell 738
5.2 Cantilevering Gridshell 740
6 Results from Physical Experiments 742
6.1 Geometrical Evaluation of Suspended Gridshell 742
6.2 Geometrical Evaluation of Cantilevering Gridshell 744
6.3 General Evaluation and Discussion 747
7 Conclusion 747
References 748
Natural Complexity. An Introduction to Structural Design with Tree Forks 751
1 Introduction 751
2 Aims 753
3 Digital Nature 753
3.1 Data Capturing 754
3.2 Abstraction Principles and Control Geometry 755
4 Aggregation Principles 757
4.1 Discrete Element Aggregation 757
5 Joining 762
5.1 Joining Principles 762
5.2 Joints 763
6 Structural Evaluation 764
7 Speculation of Use 765
8 Conclusion and Outlook 767
References 767
Evaluation of Wooden Structures 768
1 Introduction 768
2 Using Wood for Construction 770
3 Importance of Evaluating Buildings in Terms of Ecology and Sustainability 773
4 Methods Used in the Evaluation of Structural Timber Members 774
4.1 Species Identification 774
4.2 Estimation of Moisture Content 775
4.3 Semi-destructive and Non-destructive Techniques 777
5 Conclusion 785
References 786
Solid Wood and Wood Based Composites: The Challenge of Sustainability Looking for a Short and Smart Supply Chain 789
1 Introduction 790
2 Forest Supply and the Role of Short Forest-Wood Supply Chain 791
3 Forest Certification 796
3.1 Forest Certification, a Tool for Local and Sustainable Forest Supply Chain 798
4 Solid Wood and Wood Base Composites: A Smart Overview 800
5 Improving Performances: Gluing and Wood Treatments 806
6 Possibility of Using Short Chain Species for Structural Purposes. Mechanical Characterization, Modelling and Italian Case Studies 807
6.1 Technological Potentials and Technical Regulations for Some Type of Products, Especially for Structural Purposes 808
7 Conclusion 810
References 811
Bamboo’s Bio-inspired Material Design Through Additive Manufacturing Technologies 814
1 Introduction to Bamboo Anatomy and Mechanics 814
2 Background 818
3 Design of Biomimetic Bamboo-Like Material: Framework 819
3.1 Modeling 820
3.2 Fabrication 823
3.3 Experimental Tests 827
4 Conclusions 829
References 830
Microtimber: The Development of a 3D Printed Composite Panel Made from Waste Wood and Recycled Plastics 832
1 Introduction 832
2 Developing the 3D Printing Technology for a New Gradient Timber-like Aesthetic 833
2.1 Aesthetic Perceptions: Solid Wood Versus Wood-Plastic Composites 834
2.2 “Timber-like”: Developing Advanced 3D Printing Technologies to Generate a New Wood Aesthetic 834
2.3 Manipulation of Print Parameters to Define Wood Grain and Colour 835
2.4 Algorithms to Generate Timber-like Textures for a Microtimber 836
2.5 Flexibility to Manipulate 3D Surface 838
3 Experimenting with Material Composition—New Wood-Plastic Composites 840
3.1 Rationale for the Selection of Wood Species and Their Relevant Properties 841
3.2 3D Printability and Particle Size 841
3.3 Mechanical Performance of the Wood-Plastic Composites 842
3.4 Recycling and Re-Extrusion 844
3.5 Future Research into Wood-Plastic Composites for 3D Printing 844
4 Evaluation of Microtimber in Terms of Building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 845
4.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings: General Framework 845
4.2 Expected Environmental Performance of Microtimber 848
5 Conclusion 852
References 852
Constructive Wisdom and Realization Challenges 854
Seeing a Tree as a Prerequisite to Timber Architecture 855
1 Introduction 855
2 Theoretical Frameworks: The Algebra of Shapes and Gestalt Laws 857
2.1 The Algebra of Shape Uij 857
2.2 Gestalt Redux 859
2.3 A “Good” Shape for a Digital Tree 861
2.4 A “Good” Shape for the Timber Industry 863
3 Perceiving a Tree in Architectural Timber 865
3.1 Seeing a House and Its Parts 866
4 Seeing a Tree in a House and a House in a Tree 868
4.1 Hybrid-Timber 869
5 Conclusion 871
References 872
Constructing Correctly in Wood: New Insights into Timber Technology Approaches Through Purist and Liberalist Schools of Thought 874
1 Introduction 874
1.1 Constructing Correctly 875
1.2 Constructing Correctly in Timber 876
2 Context 876
2.1 Purist View 878
2.2 Liberalist View 878
2.3 Spectrum 879
3 Tectonics of Timber Assemblies 879
3.1 The Changing Characteristics of Wood 882
3.2 New Timber Products 883
3.3 Fastenings 884
4 Timber Gridshells 886
4.1 Definition 886
4.2 Technology 888
5 Discussion: Constructional Correctness 891
5.1 Structural Values 891
5.2 Material Values 893
5.3 Aesthetics 894
5.4 Economy 895
6 Conclusion 895
References 896
The Emergy of Digital Wood 898
1 Introduction 898
2 Environmentally Responsive Wood 901
3 Machine Learning Robotics 904
4 Adaptability Through Digital Scanning 905
4.1 MAS House 908
4.2 Wood Chip Barn 909
5 Conclusion 911
References 911
Housing Prototypes, Timber Tectonic Culture and the Digital Age 913
1 Introduction: Fast Wood in the Modern World 913
2 Tectonic Culture in Timber Architecture: From the Industrial Revolution to the Engineered Timber 915
3 A Question of Tolerance 918
4 Non-serial Timber Architecture: Three Examples of Digital Timber for Prefabricated Houses 919
4.1 Burst*008 House: Customisation and the Bespoke 920
4.2 Housing for New Orleans: We Want a Shotgun House 922
4.3 WikiHouse: Open-Source Customisation 925
5 Themes 927
5.1 Craftsmanship 928
5.2 Domains of Practice 929
5.3 Kit Home Production 931
5.4 Participation as Apprentice 932
5.5 Cross-Disciplinary Knowledge and ‘Simple Technology’ 934
6 What’s Meant to Be Will Always Find Its Way 935
References 936
Performative Architecture and Wooden Structures: Overview on the Main Research Paths in Europe 938
1 Introduction: Performance-Based Process and Wood Architectures 939
2 Research Lines in the Field of Performative Wood 940
2.1 Wood Computation: Exploit Material Behavior as Design Agent 941
2.2 Wood Computation: Smart Assembly, Natural and Low-Engineered Materials 942
3 Performative Wood: Case Studies 943
3.1 Wood Chip Barn: Exploring the Potential of Natural Material 944
3.2 ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2011: Discover Opportunities Offered by Wood Complex Behavior 946
3.3 ETH, the Sequential Roof: Robotic Manufacturing and Smart Assembly 951
3.4 Robotic Softness: Behavioural Fabrication Process of a Woven Space 953
4 Applied Research: Fusta Robotica and Digital Urban Orchard 956
4.1 Fusta Robòtica: Material—Informed Design 957
4.2 Digital Urban Orchard: Form Follows Data Flow 960
5 Applicability of Systems to Architectural Practice 963
5.1 Wood Structural Systems 964
6 Performative Wood and Structural Systems: Towards an Application in Architecture 965
6.1 Performative Wood and Structural Systems: Bring Complexity in the Design Process 966
7 Conclusion and Outlook 968
References 969
Adaptive Timber Towers. An Evolutionary Prototype for the 21st Century Skyscraper 971
1 Introduction 971
2 The Skyscraper as an Adaptive Organism 974
3 The Era of Timber Towers 976
4 Evoluzione: Vision and Design Approach 979
4.1 Materials and Methods 980
4.2 Generative Model: Adaptive Wooden Skyscraper 981
4.3 Fitness-Based Optimization 982
5 Conclusion 985
References 986
Knowledge-Based Design in Industrialised House Building: A Case-Study for Prefabricated Timber Walls 988
1 Introduction 988
2 Industrialised House Building 990
3 Timber and Industrialised House Building 991
4 Knowledge Management, Timber and Industrialised House Building 993
4.1 Current Industry Practices 995
4.2 Towards Level 3 Building Information Modelling and Knowledge-Based Design 997
5 Case Study: Timber-Framed Wall 999
5.1 Material and Tool Selection 1000
5.2 Method 1001
5.3 Results and Discussion 1009
6 Conclusions 1012
References 1013
(Re)construct with Wood, The Case Study of Amatrice’s Prefabricated Bus Station Designed In BIM Environment 1016
1 Introduction 1017
2 The Design Area: Amatrice 1018
3 The Design Technology: The Wood 1021
4 The Design: A New Station for the Town of Amatrice 1023
5 The Way BIM Is Used in the Design of the Station 1029
6 The Design and BIM: The Model Applied to Other Realities 1034
7 Conclusion 1040
References 1042
Customizable Social Wooden Pavilions: A Workflow for the Energy, Emergy and Perception Optimization in Perugia’s Parks 1043
1 Introduction 1043
2 The Optimization Applied to a Real Case 1045
3 From Real to Virtual and Vice Versa 1047
4 Stratigraphy Optimization 1049
5 Form Finding 1052
6 Conclusions 1057
References 1059
Empathic Architecture: Digital Fabrication and Community Participation 1061
1 Introduction 1061
2 The Role of Architecture 1062
2.1 Architecture in Service of Economy, Environment, and Society 1063
2.2 Reacting to Unpredictable Situations with Architecture 1064
3 Veneer House Project 1066
3.1 Embodiment Design and Self-Built Architecture 1067
3.2 Logistical and Material Sustainability of Engineered Wood 1068
3.3 Traditional Techniques Simplified with Digital Technology 1070
3.4 Assemble/Disassemble Flexibility and Adaptability
3.5 Developing the Joint System to Accommodate Local Cladding 1075
3.6 Agile Architecture 1077
4 Conclusion 1082
Bibliography 1084
Non-orthogonal Light Timber Frame Design: Using Digital Manufacturing Technologies to Facilitate Circular Economy Architecture 1085
1 Introduction 1085
2 Background 1086
2.1 Platform Framing and Waste 1086
2.2 Fixing the Problem 1089
2.3 Examples of Best Practice 1090
3 Non-orthogonal Timber Frame Design Experimentation 1093
3.1 Conceptual Design 1094
3.2 Developed Design 1097
3.3 X-Frame 3-7 1098
4 Non-orthogonal Analysis and Critique 1099
4.1 Material 1100
4.2 CAD/CAM, Non-orthogonal Geometry and Jointing 1101
4.3 Material Efficiency 1105
4.4 Assemblage Challenges 1107
4.5 Aesthetics 1109
4.6 Structural Limitations 1109
5 Conclusion 1111
References 1112
Timber Plate Shell Structures: A Digital Resurgence of Traditional Joining Methods 1114
1 Plate Shell Structures in the Digital Age 1115
2 Origins of Braced Vaults 1115
3 First Corrugated Vaults 1116
4 The Digital Age: Individualized Production and New Plate Materials 1118
5 Design for Assembly: Prismatic Joints as Assembly Guides 1120
6 Double-Layered Corrugated Vaults 1123
7 Large-Scale Application 1124
8 Application to Other Types of Shells 1127
9 A Toolkit for the Design of Timber Plate Structures 1129
10 Technology for More Efficient and Sustainable Structures 1129
References 1130
Computationally Derived Cross-Laminated Timber Reinforcement and Construction 1131
1 Introduction 1132
1.1 Computational Approach for Anistropic Materials 1132
2 Benefits of Mass Timber 1133
2.1 Emergence of Mass Timber as a Building Material 1134
2.2 Material Specific Design Logic 1135
2.3 Composite Material Assemblage 1136
3 Control Samples and Testing 1138
3.1 Computational Design and Manufacturing 1139
3.2 Digitally Modified Panel Load Tests 1141
3.3 Observations 1142
4 Conclusion 1143
References 1145
Beech Wood for Architectural Design: Three Studies Case from an International Design Contest Terres de Hêtre® 1147
1 Introduction 1147
2 Main Characteristics of Beech Wood 1149
2.1 State of Art in Beech Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) 1150
3 International Design Contest Terres de Hêtre® 1153
3.1 Touristic Village Les ailes du Hêtre pour l’être 1154
3.2 Cyclestation I Love vélo! 1157
3.3 Intergenerational Center La dolce vita 1159
4 Conclusion 1167
References 1177
Brise-Soleil House: Developing Software Tools to Enable the Integration of Design and Fabrication in Timber 1178
1 Introduction 1178
2 Context 1180
3 Project Details 1181
4 Bespoke Tool Development 1181
4.1 Form Development 1183
4.2 Design Development 1184
4.3 Finalization 1185
5 Fabrication and Assembly 1186
5.1 Documentation 1186
5.2 Fabrication 1187
5.3 The Jigsaw Effect 1188
5.4 Assembly 1190
6 Transport and Installation 1190
7 Discussion and Conclusions 1192
References 1194
Towards a 4.0 Mass Customized Wooden Housing in the Mediterranean Area: The Ecodomus Project 1195
1 Introduction: The Paradigms of Industry 4.0 1195
2 Industry 4.0 Principles for Architectural Design and Construction 1197
3 Digital Designed Housing: From the FabLabs to Industry 4.0 1200
4 Towards a 4.0 Customized Prefabricated Housing 1202
5 Explorative Research: Introducing Non-standard Prefabricated Elements with the Ecodomus Project 1205
5.1 Design Goals and Principles 1205
5.2 Bioclimatic Design 1209
5.3 Study Models of Assembly and Joints Details 1210
5.4 The Construction of the Prototype 1212
5.5 Final Considerations and Future Developments 1218
6 Conclusion 1219
References 1222
HOUSE 1 Protostructure: Enhancement of Spatial Imagination and Craftsmanship Between the Digital and the Analogical 1223
1 Introduction 1223
2 HOUSE 1, (1) Between Conceptual, Material and Digital Space 1229
3 HOUSE 1 Protostructure (2), a Tool for Enhancing Cognition, Imagination and Collaboration 1232
4 Digital Analogies: (1) Database Approach of Education in Architectural Design 1235
5 Digital Analogies: (2) an Open Source Architectural Design 1236
6 Analogic Digitals: Towards Empowerment in Open Source Systems 1240
7 Epilogue: HOUSE 1 in Versailles (500–1000 Words) 1242
References 1245
Parametric Transfigurations and Morphological Optimizations 1247
KODAMA: A Polyhedron Sculpture in the Forest at Arte Sella 1248
1 Between Eastern and Western Philosophy: The Design Concept 1250
1.1 The Void, the Emptiness 1250
1.2 One Element for a Complex System 1251
2 Between Digital Parametric Design and Analogic Mockups: An Iterative Process 1253
3 The Engineering Process: Structural Design and Parametrical Modeling 1254
3.1 The Reasons for the Structural Analysis of a Monument 1254
3.2 Rules Definition for the Structural Calculations and Loads Analyses 1254
3.3 The Structural Analysis Process: FEM-Based Simulations, Results, and Considerations 1255
3.4 KODAMA in Numbers: Algorithms for the Production and Assemblage 1260
4 The Power of Experimentation: Physical Models and Analogic Mockups Towards the Final Construction Phase 1264
4.1 From Mockups to 1:1 Prototypes: The Assessment of the Structural Assumptions 1266
4.2 The Last Challenge: Assembly 1270
4.3 The Role of Humidity: The Power of Nature 1274
5 Conclusions 1276
References 1277
Wooden Byobu. From Architectural Façade to Sculpture 1280
1 Introduction 1281
2 Methodology 1286
3 The Japanese Pavilion for EXPO Milano 2015: The Wooden Diffusive Façade 1287
3.1 From the Architectural Concept to Parametrical and Structural Design 1288
3.2 Technical Details and Construction Mock-Ups 1294
4 Re-thinking Process: The Wooden Byobu 1298
4.1 The University Byobu 1300
4.2 The Urban Byobu 1300
4.3 The Forest Byobu 1302
4.4 The Museum Byobu—Kigumi Infinity 1303
5 Conclusions 1306
Bibliography 1307
Experimenting the Use of Wood in Contemporary Architecture: Integrating Research into Practice 1309
1 Introduction 1310
2 Contemporary Works in Wood Between Pedagogy and Profession. How to Integrate More Research into Architectural Practices 1311
2.1 Concrete Experience of Construction 1311
2.2 Research at Work 1311
2.3 The Results of Research Based Practice 1312
3 Research: Building Small Pavilions as a Strategy 1312
3.1 Approach and Practicability of Parametric Design and Digital Fabrication 1315
4 Digital Tea House Workshop 1316
4.1 Tea House as a Cultural Backdrop 1317
4.2 From Context-Neutral to Context-Aware Design 1318
4.3 Pavilion “Nami-no-Ma (Space of Waves)” 1319
4.4 Pavilion “130008252010” 1320
4.5 Output of the Tea House Workshop 1322
5 A Pavillon for Archeologists in Agrigento, Italy, 2013 1324
5.1 The Site and Its Needs 1325
5.2 Molecular Shelter: A Temporary Shelter for Archeologists 1325
6 Practice 1327
7 X.me System 1329
7.1 Social and Technological Innovation 1330
7.2 Info Point, Bookshop and Ticket Booth at Norman Castle in Favara, Italy, 2013 1332
7.3 Children Library in Paris, France, 2014 1333
8 Recreational Centre for Children and Young People in Canteleu, Normandy, France, 2016 1335
8.1 The Site and Its Needs 1336
8.2 Recreational Center 1336
9 Media Library of Quai Branly Museum, Paris, 2018 1339
9.1 Context and Program 1339
9.2 Main Concept of the New Project 1340
10 Conclusions 1343
References 1346
Digital Design Thinking in Architectural Education Testing Idea-Driven and Science-Driven Design Processes Towards Researching Polymer/Wood Composite Structures 1347
1 Introduction 1348
2 Qualitative Research Approach 1349
2.1 Idea-Driven and Science-Driven Design Processes 1350
2.2 Idea-Driven Design Process 1351
2.3 Science-Driven Design Process 1351
2.4 Empirical Studies—Experimental Digital Design Workshops 1351
2.5 Educational Setup 1352
2.6 Workshop in Aarhus “Cones” 1354
2.7 Architecture Challenge 14 “Polymer Folding Scapes” 1358
2.8 DigDesFab14?+?15 “NoHOME Pavilion” 1369
3 Conclusion 1383
References 1384
Digital Construction of Timber “Metabolism” 1386
1 Geometry and Productivity of Tectonics 1386
2 Searching for the Advantage of Tectonics in Parametric Geometry 1388
3 Rethinking Geometry and Productivity of Modern Architecture 1391
4 Japanese Traditional Timber Tectonics and “Metabolism” 1392
5 Revival of Japanese Metabolism with “Digital Wood Blocks” 1393
6 Development of Support Systems for “Digital Wood Block” 1394
7 Conclusion: Sustainable Digital Construction of Timber “Metabolism” 1396
References 1399
Parametric Modeling of a Wooden Folding Structure 1400
1 Introduction 1400
2 Geometric Models 1402
3 Scale Models 1404
4 Structural Model 1405
5 Parametric Model 1405
6 Full-Scale Prototype 1407
7 Conclusions 1409
References 1410
Common-action Gardens: Performative and Parametric Prototypes 1411
1 Introduction 1412
2 Common-Action Gardens I 1418
2.1 Design 1418
2.2 Production and Application 1421
2.3 Performance 1421
3 Common-Action Gardens II 1422
3.1 Design 1422
3.2 Production and Application Process 1423
3.3 Performance 1425
4 Conclusion 1426
References 1428
Algorithmic Craftsmanship For Bespoke Timber Architecture 1429
1 Introduction 1429
2 Local Context and Points of Departure 1430
2.1 Renewable Materials in Digital Fabrication 1431
2.2 Industry-Connected Digital Fabrication 1431
2.3 Digital Material Fabrication 1431
3 Workflows in Materialisation 1432
3.1 Material Specific Parameters 1433
3.2 Cumbersome Workflows 1435
3.3 Setting up a Common Platform 1435
3.4 Part-Based Digital Workflow 1436
3.5 Assembly Difficulties 1436
4 Automation for Design 1438
4.1 Organising Chaos 1439
4.2 Digital Tools of Production 1439
4.3 Product and Service 1445
5 Conclusion 1446
References 1447
FracShell: From Fractal Surface to a Lattice Shell Structure 1449
1 Introduction 1449
2 FracShell: Geometric Modelling 1451
2.1 Fractal Geometry 1451
2.2 Fractal Surface: Generative and Parametric Modelling 1453
2.3 FracShell: Architectural Model 1456
3 FracShell: Structural Modelling 1456
3.1 Finite Element Modeling 1458
3.2 Structural Analyses 1459
3.3 Finding the Suitable Structural Form for Construction 1459
4 FracShell: Constructional Modelling 1461
4.1 Constructability: Modularity of Fractal-Based Structure 1461
4.2 Constructional Model 1462
5 FracShell: Physical Construction 1464
6 Conclusion 1466
References 1469
Developable Wooden Surfaces for Lightweight Architecture: Bio-Dune Pavilion 1470
1 Introduction 1470
2 Contextualization: Previous Experiences 1472
3 Lightweight Architecture in Wood as a Digital Fabrication Process 1472
4 Geometry in the Post-digital Era, Digital Fabrication and Construction in Wood 1476
5 Dunes as a Source of Inspiration: Bio-Mimesis, Morphogenesis, and the Project 1478
5.1 Developable Surfaces of the Same Slope: Algorithms of Generation of the Form 1479
5.2 The Constructive System 1480
5.3 Panelization of the Final Surface and Generation of the Cutting Files 1482
6 Results, Constructability and Lines of Further Improvement 1485
7 Conclusions 1485
References 1488
SMALL IS MORE. Wooden Pavilion As a Path of Research 1490
1 Introduction 1491
2 Small Is More: An Applied Method on the Design Process 1493
3 Set of Case Studies 1494
3.1 Akragashelter 1494
3.2 C-ASA 1499
3.3 Equilatera 1506
3.4 Teagloo 1512
3.5 Veneer House 1513
4 Conclusions 1522
References 1523
Correction to: Timber Plate Shell Structures: A Digital Resurgence of Traditional Joining Methods 1525
Correction to: Chapter “Timber Plate Shell Structures: A Digital Resurgence of Traditional Joining Methods” in: Bianconi and M. Filippucci (eds.), Digital Wood Design, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03676-845 1525