Stephan Köster, Prof. Dr. ing., is head of the Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management at Leibniz Universität Hannover (Germany). He has held the Chair of Urban Water Management since April 2016. Köster studied Civil Engineering at RWTH Aachen University. Following his studies, he worked for several years in an engineering company, primarily in projects of international cooperation for sustainable development. He returned to RWTH Aachen University in 2000 and received his doctorate in 2004. In the year 2011 Köster joined the Hamburg University of Technology as professor, after seven years as head engineer of the Institute of Sanitary Engineering of RWTH Aachen University.Moritz Reese, Dr. iur., is senior researcher at the Department for Enviornmental & Planning Law of the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Leipzig, Germany. He is also Co-Speaker of the Governance Division of the Center for Advanced Water Research (CAWR), chairman of the European Environmental Law Forum  (EELF), editor in chief of the Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law (JEEPL), member of the editorial board of the German Journal for Environmental Law (Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht) and German rapporteur to the European Water Law Network. Since joining the Helmholtz Centre in 2008, Dr. Reese has focussed on research and consultancy in the fields of water governance, urban development and climate adaptation. Jiane Zuo, Ph.D, is a professor and former vice-dean of the School of Environment at Tsinghua University. His research focuses on anaerobic biotechnology for organic wastewater and solid waste treatment and biogas recovery. Another important field of research is rain water collection and pollution control including sewer system evaluation and maintenance. Dr. Zuo got his bachelor degree from the Department of Environmental Engineering, Tsinghua University in 1991, got his master degree and Ph D degree from the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University in 1996. He became a teacher at Tsinghua in 1995. In 2004 he was appointed full professor at the Tsinghua University. For years, he has been leading many research projects, including the Mega Water Project in Tongzhou, which serves the demonstration implementation of the Sponge-City concept in Beijing.

Preface 6
Book Abstract 8
Contents 9
Contributors 12
Part I: Innovative Technologies and Implementation: Urban Planning and Urban Water Management 16
Urban Stormwater Management and Sponge City Concept in China 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Sponge City and Urban Stormwater Management 19
3 Framework and Main Components of Sponge City 20
3.1 Components and Goals 20
3.2 Stormwater Management Criterion 21
3.3 Development and Implementation 22
3.4 Policy and Regulations 23
4 Conclusions 24
References 25
Maintenance and Safety of Sponge City Infrastructure 26
1 Introduction 27
2 Implementation of Sponge City Infrastructure 29
2.1 Scope of Sponge City Elements and Functions 29
2.2 Individual Components Within Sponge Cities 30
2.2.1 Some Illustrative Examples from Sponge City Implementation in China 33
2.3 Further Positive and Negative Impacts of Sponge City Implementation 33
2.4 Lessons Learnt So Far 37
3 Operation and Maintenance Issues and Challenges 40
3.1 Local Climate and Extreme Weather Conditions 41
3.2 Appropriateness of Technical and Biological Design 42
3.3 Deficient or Unsuitable Operation and Maintenance 43
4 Maintenance: Strategies and Best Practice for Sponge Cities 47
4.1 Eligible Maintenance Strategies 47
4.2 Basic Considerations for the Maintenance Strategy of Sponge Cities 49
4.3 Best Maintenance Practice for Sponge Cities 51
4.4 Examples for Best Maintenance Practice 54
5 Costs for Implementation and Maintenance of Sponge Cities 58
5.1 Investment Costs of Implementing the Sponge City Concept 58
5.2 Cost for Sponge City Maintenance 61
6 Conclusions 63
References 65
Future-oriented Strategic Planning of Wastewater Treatment Plants 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Overview of Traditional WWTP Planning Methods 71
3 Main Principles of a Future-Oriented Strategic Planning Process 73
4 Overview of Potential Influencing Factors 77
5 Summary 78
References 79
Part II: Innovative Technologies and Implementation: Drinking Water Supply 81
Urban Drinking Water Challenges and Solutions: Energy Nexus 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Energy Use for Water Supply to Urban Areas of China 83
2.1 Energy Use for Water Sourcing and Transfer in China 83
2.2 Energy Use for Water Treatment in China 85
2.3 Energy for Distributing Centrally in Cities 87
2.4 Energy for Pumping Water Within High-Rises 88
2.5 Comparison of Energy Use Along the Water Supply Process and Suggestions on Reducing Energy Use 89
3 Impact of Urban Spatial Characteristics on Energy Use for Water Supply 91
3.1 China’s Urbanization and Construction of Water Distribution Networks 91
3.2 Energy Use for Water Supply 92
3.3 Urban Spatial Characteristics 93
3.4 Impact of Urban Spatial Characteristics on Energy Use for Water Supply 94
3.4.1 Horizontal Characteristics and Energy Use for Municipal Water Supply 95
3.4.2 Vertical Characteristics and Energy Use for Secondary Water Supply 96
3.4.3 Total Energy Use for Water Supply 98
3.5 How to Reduce Energy Use for Water Supply When Laying Out a City 98
References 99
Fostering Water Treatment in Eutrophic Areas: Innovative Water Quality Monitoring, and Technologies Mitigating Taste &  Odor Problems Demonstrated at Tai Hu
1 Introduction 103
2 Analysis of Pesticides and Emerging Pollutants 104
3 Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes 106
4 Studies into Taste and Odor (T& O) Compounds
4.1 Composition of Raw Water from Tai Hu 109
4.2 Algae Under Ozone Stress 111
4.3 Removal of Algae by Ultrafiltration 112
4.4 Combination of Ultrafiltration and Ozonation/Chlorination 114
5 Outlook 116
References 118
Part III: Innovative Technologies and Implementation: Urban Drainage and Rainwater Management 121
Preventive and Customized Maintenance of Underground Water Infrastructure 122
1 Maintenance 122
1.1 Definition and Necessity 122
1.2 Preventive and Customized Maintenance: Goals 125
2 Current Situation in Germany and China 126
2.1 Current Situation in Germany 126
2.1.1 Sewer Length 126
2.1.2 Sewer Maintenance Departments 127
2.1.3 Regulations on Maintenance Work and Its Frequency 128
2.1.4 Status Quo of Sewer Networks and the Maintenance of Sewer Systems 129
2.2 Current Situation in China 129
2.2.1 Sewer Length 129
2.2.2 Responsible Departments of Sewer Maintenance 131
2.2.3 Chinese Regulations and Legislation Regarding Sewer Systems 134
2.2.4 Status Quo of Sewer Networks and Maintenance of Sewer Systems 135
2.2.5 Political Requirements 135
3 Maintenance Optimization 138
3.1 Goals of Maintenance Optimization 138
3.2 Maintenance-Oriented Planning 139
3.3 Procedure of Maintenance Optimization 140
4 Conclusion 141
References 141
Implementing Real Time Control Systems to Minimize Emissions from the Sewer System 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Main Principles of Real-Time Control in Sewer Systems 143
2.1 Definition and Key Terms 144
2.2 Control Type 146
2.3 Control Objectives, Fundamental Strategies and Control Algorithms 147
3 German Guideline Documents 150
4 Case Study from Germany: City of Hildesheim 152
4.1 Control System Design and Control Algorithm 152
4.2 Catchment Area of Hildesheim 153
4.3 Simulation Study and Proof of Pollution Reduction 154
4.4 Implementation of the ADESBA RTC Module at Hildesheim 158
5 Conclusions 162
References 162
Wetland Ecological Restoration Using Near-Natural Method 165
1 Introduction 165
2 Why Not Pure-Natural? 167
3 Differences with Constructed Wetland 167
4 Pseudo-Ecological Engineering 168
4.1 Coarse and Simple Repetition 168
4.2 Against the Brachistochrone Curve 168
4.3 Dike Construction 169
4.4 Excessive Sediment Dredging 169
4.5 Unscientific Plant Selection 170
5 A Case Study on Wetland Restoration Using the Near-Natural Method 170
5.1 Ecological Restoration Objectives of the Zhushanhu Wetland 170
5.2 Design Principles 171
5.2.1 Design Restoration Steps Based on Brachistochrone Curve 171
5.2.2 Self-Organization Principle 172
5.2.3 Design Principle of Ecological Landscapes 172
5.3 Engineering Practice with the Near-Natural Method 173
5.3.1 Basal Morphology Reforming 173
5.3.2 Plant Species Selection and Configuration 174
5.3.3 Biomass and Species Management Based on Food Webs 175
5.4 Ecological Restoration Effect 176
5.4.1 Water Quality 176
5.4.2 Plant Biodiversity 177
5.4.3 Ecological Landscape 178
6 Conclusion 178
References 180
Urban Flood Prevention 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Pluvial Flood Risk Management 182
3 Hazard and Risk Analyses 185
3.1 Analysis of Flood Hazard 186
3.1.1 GIS-Based Flow Path Analysis 187
3.1.2 Simplified Flood Computation 187
3.1.3 2D Flood Simulations 189
3.1.4 Evaluation and Classification of Flood Hazards 191
3.2 Analysis and Assessment of Pluvial Flood Risks 192
4 Precautionary Measures 193
4.1 Infrastructure-Related Precautionary Measures 195
4.2 Property and Building-Related Precautionary Measures 198
5 Conclusion and Outlook 199
References 200
Urban Pipe Assessment Method and Its Application in Two Chinese Cities 202
1 Sewer Pipes in China and Assessment Using Fuzzy Mathematic Methods 203
1.1 Sewer Pipes in China 203
1.2 Assessment Method Based on Fuzzy Mathematic Method 204
1.2.1 Defect Coding, Identification, and Damage Degree Classification 204
1.2.2 Hierarchical Structure Establishment 205
1.2.3 Weight of Defects 206
1.2.4 Expression of the Result 207
2 Sewer Pipe Inspection in Yixing and Adjustment for the Assessment Method 207
2.1 Introduction for Yixing 208
2.2 Establishment of Standardized Inspection Records and Quantitative Method 209
2.2.1 Inspection Records 209
2.2.2 Extraction of Image of Defects 209
2.2.3 Quantitative Calculation of Pipeline Defects 211
2.2.4 Pipeline Defect Record Sheet 219
2.3 Application in Yixing City 219
2.3.1 Pipeline Dynamic Management Model 222
3 Sewer Pipe Inspection and Analysis in Wuxi City 226
3.1 Data Description and Analysis 227
3.1.1 Describing the Data 227
3.1.2 Analysis Methods 228
3.2 Interrelations Between Sewer Pipe Properties and Sewer Pipe Conditions 228
3.2.1 Interrelations Between Single Properties and Sewer Pipe Conditions 228
3.2.2 Interrelations Between Multiproperties and Sewer Pipe Condition 234
4 Summary 238
References 238
Part IV: Innovative Technologies and Implementation: Wastewater Disposal 239
Special Issues of Wastewater Management in China 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Current Challenges for Wastewater Management in China 241
3 Improvement of Sewer Systems and Stormwater Facilities 242
4 Reduction of Extraneous Water 244
5 Decentralized or Semi-decentralized Wastewater Management 247
6 Industrial Wastewater 249
References 251
Part V: Urban Water Governance: Overarching and Methodological Aspects 252
Urban Water Governance in Europe and in China: Key Challenges, Benchmarks and Approaches 253
1 Introduction 253
2 The Factual Challenges and Differences of Urban Water Governance in China and Germany – In a Nutshell 255
2.1 Water Safety and Sufficient Water Supply 255
2.2 Sanitation and Sound Waste Water Management 257
2.3 Rainwater and Urban Flood Risk Management 258
2.4 Good Water Quality and Healthy Aquatic Ecology 259
2.5 Integrated Water Resource Management 260
3 Urban Water Governance in Comparative Assessment: Conceptual Frame 261
3.1 The Meaning and Importance of Governance 261
3.2 The “Instrumental Focus” of Comparative Governance Analysis 263
4 Criteria of “Good” and “Sustainable” Urban Water Governance as Measures for Comparative Analysis 265
4.1 Effectiveness 266
4.2 Efficiency 268
4.3 Integrated Management and Effective Coordination: The Decisive Role of Planning Instruments 270
4.3.1 Substantive Regulation 270
4.3.2 Organization and Coordination 270
4.4 Most Effective Level of Action: Subsidiarity 272
4.5 Transparency and Participation 273
4.6 Long-Term Orientation, Precaution, and Openness to Change 274
4.7 Knowledge Orientation 275
5 Major Governance Approaches, Innovations, and Lessons to Be Learnt in the Key Fields of Urban Water Governance 276
5.1 Water Supply 276
5.2 Waste Water Management 278
5.3 Rainwater Management and Flood Prevention – Sponge City Governance 280
5.4 Water Quality Management 281
6 Conclusions and Outlook 283
References 284
Sustainable Water Resource Management in China – Reflections from a Comparative Governance Perspective 287
1 Opportunities and Limitations of a Comparison Between China and Europe 288
2 Environment Policy and Water Management Goals 289
3 Administrative Structures 292
3.1 Subsidiarity 295
3.2 Internality 295
3.3 Innovative Instruments 296
3.3.1 Description of Structure and Processes of Water Management Tasks 296
3.3.2 Indicator System 299
4 Considerations for Application for the Example of Urban Systems 301
4.1 Fundamental Relationships Between Urban Development and Water Management 301
4.2 Dealing with Path Dependency of Infrastructure 301
4.3 What, Ultimately, Is the Purpose of Water Infrastructure and River Basin Management? 302
4.4 The Urban Rural Nexus 303
4.5 Cognitive Processes and Meeting the Demand for Improvement 304
5 Conclusion 304
References 305
Cross-boundary Evolution of Urban Planning and Urban Drainage Towards the Water Sensitive “Sponge City” 306
1 Introduction 307
2 Materials and Methods 308
3 Results and Discussions 308
3.1 Cause Analysis 308
3.1.1 Low-Efficiency Urban Expansion 308
3.1.2 Infrastructure Planning and Construction 309
3.1.3 Regulative and Administrative Reasons 310
3.2 China’s Countermeasures in Urban Planning and Urban Drainage 311
3.3 Recommendations for Urban Planning and Urban Drainage 313
3.3.1 Challenges to Solve 313
3.3.2 How to Enhance Urban Planning 314
Multidisciplinary Urban Planning and Local Water Boards 314
Where Not to Develop: Critical Ecological Infrastructure 315
How to Develop: Urban Built-Up Area 317
3.3.3 How to Realize Low-Impact Development 319
3.3.4 How to Upgrade the Sewer System? 322
4 Conclusions 324
References 327
Part VI: Urban Water Governance: Regulatory and Organizational Framework 333
China’s National Governance Framework for Urban Water Resource Management 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Overview of the Constitutional Basis, Sources of Rules, and Regulatory Agencies for Urban Water Management 335
2.1 Constitutional Basis of Urban Water Management 335
2.2 Sources of Authorities/Rules for Urban Water Management 337
2.3 Overview of Regulatory Agencies 338
3 Planning and Functional Zoning of Urban Waters 338
4 Administrative Permits 339
5 Technical Standards 340
5.1 Water Quality Standards for Water 341
5.2 Water Pollutant Discharge Standards 342
5.3 Technical Standards on Construction Projects 342
5.4 Technical Standards on Drinking Water 343
6 Problems in the Current Urban Water Management 343
6.1 Control of Water Pollution 343
6.2 Problems in Real Estate and Infrastructure Development 343
6.3 Insufficient Water Supply 344
7 Ever Strong Political Will on Urban Water Resource Management 344
7.1 The Integrated Reform Plan for Promoting Ecological Progress 345
7.2 Measures for Accountability of CPC and Governmental Leaders for Ecological Environment Damage 347
7.3 Restructuring the Environmental Monitoring, Supervision, and Law Enforcement Teams 347
8 Concluding Remarks 348
Appendix: List of National Environmental Standards (As of 31 March 2018) 349
References 352
Regional Water Policy in China – Problems and Approaches in the Taihu und Wuhan Regions 353
1 Water Resources in China 353
2 Institutional Arrangement of Water Resource Management in China 354
2.1 Water-Related Authorities and Responsibilities 354
2.2 Legal Framework of Water Resource Management 355
3 Water Quality Management in Tai Lake Basin: Pollution Control 356
3.1 Water Challenges in Tai Lake Basin 356
3.2 The Institutional Arrangements of Water Pollution Control in Tai Lake Basin 357
3.3 Legal, Policy, and Project Instruments in Tai Lake Basin 359
3.4 Section Summary 361
4 Urban Water Resource Management in Wuhan: Sponge City Program 361
4.1 Water Challenges in Wuhan 361
4.2 Institutional Structure and Policy of Water Management in Wuhan 363
4.3 Sponge City Program 364
4.4 Section Summary 367
References 367
German Water Protection Law with a Particular Focus on Waste Water Management 369
1 Introduction 369
2 The Division of Legislative Competences Between the Federation and the Federal States in the Field of Water Legislation 370
2.1 Historical: The Framework Competence of the Federation 370
2.2 After the Reform of the Federal System: Concurrent Competences of the Federation but Limited Rights to Enact Laws at Variance on Part of the Federal States 370
2.3 Federal Waste Water Legislation as a Regulation that Does Not Allow Deviation by the Federal States 371
3 The Division of Enforcement Competences Between the Federation and the Federal States 371
4 European Legal Requirements for Waste Water Legislation 372
4.1 Water Framework Directive (WFD) 372
4.2 Directive on the Treatment of Urban Waste Water (Directive 91/271/EEC) 373
4.3 Industrial Emissions Directive (Directive 2010/75/EU) 374
5 The Development of Water Protection Legislation in Germany 375
5.1 Management Rules Under Public Law 375
5.2 The Compliance with Emission Standards as a Minimum Requirement for a Waste Water Discharge Permit (‘German Precautionary Concept in Water Legislation’) 376
5.3 Quality Objectives (Immission Standards): The Impact of the WFD 376
6 Important Control Instruments in German Water Protection Legislation 377
6.1 Approval Requirements for the Use of Water 377
6.2 Waste Water Levy and Water Abstraction Charge 378
7 Waste Water Legislation 379
7.1 The Concept of Waste Water in German Water Protection Legislation 379
7.2 The Basics of German Waste Water Legislation 379
7.3 The Standards of Waste Water Disposal in German Waste Water Legislation 381
7.3.1 The Concept of the Waste Water Ordinance: Setting Emission Standards and Treatment Standards for Different Sources of Waste Water 381
7.3.2 The Obligation to Observe the State-of-the-Art When Setting Emission Standards 383
7.3.3 The Significance of Technical Standards in Waste Water Legislation 383
7.3.4 Obligation to Dispose of Waste Water in Accordance with Tasks Allocated Under Länder Law 384
7.4 Interim Conclusion: Waste Water Legislation in German Federalism 385
8 The Financing of Waste Water Disposal 386
9 Summary 386
References 389
Information, Participation and Public Control in Water Management & Water Infrastructure Development: the European and German Perspective
1 Introduction 391
2 European Perspective: Public Participation According to Article 14 WFD 392
2.1 Water Management 393
2.2 Public Participation 394
3 German Perspective: Public Participation in Light of EU Law 395
3.1 Water Management 396
3.2 Public Participation 397
3.3 Management and Public Participation in Public Water and Sewage Systems 400
4 Conclusions and Outlook 401
References 402
Part VII: Urban Water Governance: Economics and Finance 403
Economic Policies of Water Pollution Control in the Taihu Lake Basin, China 404
1 Background of Tai Lake Basin 404
2 Enterprise Environmental Credit Evaluation 407
3 Pollution Levy 407
4 Green Credit 409
5 Ecological Compensation 411
6 Compensated Use of Pollution Emission Rights and Emission Trading System 413
7 Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance 416
8 Other Economic Policies 418
8.1 Differential Price of Electricity and Water 418
8.2 Environmental Tax 419
9 Conclusion 419
Annexes 420
Annex 1 Related Policies of Green Credit 420
Annex 2 Related Policies of Eco-compensation 421
Annex 3 Related Policies of Pollution Levy 421
Annex 4 Related Policies of Compensated Use of Pollution Discharge Rights and Emission Trading 422
Annex 5 Related Policies of Pollution Liability Insurance 423
References 424
The Eco-Compensation Mechanism in Tai Lake Watershed 427
1 Eco-compensation in China 428
2 Eco-compensation in the Tai Lake Watershed 429
2.1 Eco-compensation Between Governments 430
2.2 Eco-compensation Between Governments and Farmers 431
2.3 Eco-compensation Between Governments and Industry 432
2.4 Eco-compensation Among Industries 433
3 Legal Issues Arising from Eco-compensation Schemes in the Tai Lake Case Study 434
4 Conclusions 439
References 440
Economic Requirements and Instruments for Sustainable Urban Water Management – Comparative Review 442
1 Introduction: Sustainable Water Management from an Economic Perspective 442
2 Instruments for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Germany and the EU from an Economic Perspective 444
2.1 Environmental Policy Instruments: Overview 444
2.2 Pricing Water Services 445
3 Current Debates and Challenges in Germany 447
3.1 German Water Pricing: At the Same Time “Too High” and “Too Low” 447
3.2 Pricing German Water Services: Deficiencies of Tariffs 448
3.3 Pricing German Water Services: The Role of Environmental Regulatory Charges 450
3.4 Urban Water Sector Transition 452
4 Conclusions 453
References 454
Full Cost Accounting of Urban Water-Use 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Concept Definition and Research Method 458
2.1 Full Cost Definition of Urban Water Use 458
3 Full Cost of Urban Water Use in City A 460
3.1 Water Intake Cost 460
3.2 Water Making/Purification Cost 461
3.3 Water Supply Cost 462
3.4 Water Draining Cost 462
3.5 Sewage Treatment Cost 463
3.6 Total Cost of Urban Water Use 464
4 Conclusion and Discussion 466
References 467
The Economics and Management of Flood Risk in Germany 469
1 Introduction 470
2 Basic Aspects of Economic Flood Damage Assessment 471
2.1 Types of Economic Flood Damage 471
2.2 General Procedure for Flood Damage Assessment 473
2.3 Choice of Scale, Accuracy and Information Needs 475
3 Methodological Challenges: Intangible and Indirect Effects 477
3.1 Intangible Effects 477
3.2 Indirect Economic Damage 480
4 How to Deal with Uncertainties? 481
5 Flood Risk Management Practices in Saxony 485
6 Concluding Remarks 487
References 488
Correction to: Urban Water Management for Future Cities 492
Index 493