Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Squeal Noise 14
1 A State-of-the-Art Review of Curve Squeal Noise: Phenomena, Mechanisms, Modelling and Mitigation 15
Abstract 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Frictional Excitation 16
2.1 Curving Behaviour 16
2.2 Simple Models of Oscillators with Friction 18
2.3 Negative Friction Slope Model 19
2.4 Mode Coupling Mechanisms 21
2.5 Brake Squeal 25
3 Modelling 26
3.1 Modelling Approaches 26
3.2 Wheel Dynamic Behaviour 26
3.3 Models Based on Falling Friction 27
3.4 Inclusion of Vertical Dynamics 29
3.5 Mode Coupling 31
3.6 Other Questions 31
3.6.1 Should the Rail Be Included? 31
3.6.2 Is the Effect of Wheel Rotation Important? 32
3.6.3 What Is the Effect of Flange Contact? 32
3.6.4 Contact Model 32
3.6.5 Consideration of the Vehicle Curving in the Model 33
4 Measurements 33
4.1 Laboratory Measurements for Friction Coefficients and Squeal Noise 33
4.1.1 Longitudinal Creep 33
4.1.2 Lateral Creep 35
4.2 Field Measurements of Curve Squeal 37
4.2.1 Suburban Trains 38
4.2.2 Freight Trains 38
4.2.3 Trams 39
4.2.4 Check Rail Contact 40
4.2.5 Summary 40
5 Mitigation 41
5.1 Lubrication and Friction Modifiers 41
5.2 Wheel Damping Treatments 43
5.3 Rail Damping and Track Dynamics 44
5.4 Improved Curving Behaviour 45
5.5 Rail Profiles, Surface Treatments and Changes to Gauge 46
6 Concluding Remarks 47
References 48
2 Wheel Squeal: Insights from Wayside Condition Monitoring 54
Abstract 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Methodology 55
3 Angle of Attack and Wheel Squeal 57
4 Effect of Speed on Wheel Squeal 59
5 The Influence of Rail Friction on Wheel Squeal 60
6 The Influence of Rail Grinding on Wheel Squeal 61
7 Discussion 62
7.1 Bogie Design, Angle of Attack, and Wheel Squeal 62
7.2 The Influence of Speed on Wheel Squeal 63
7.3 The Influence of Rail Conditions on Wheel Squeal 64
7.4 Factors Influencing AoA 64
7.5 Application to Other Railway Systems 64
8 Conclusions 65
References 65
3 Analysis of Railway Wheel-Squeal Due to Unsteady Longitudinal Creepage Using the Complex Eigenvalue Method 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Literature Review 68
2.1 Mode-Coupling Instability 68
2.2 Complex Eigenvalue Analysis (CEA) 68
3 FE Model 69
3.1 Model Detail 69
3.2 Normal/Friction Contact Coupling 71
3.3 Model Results 71
3.3.1 Mode Shapes 71
3.3.2 Merging of Doublet Modes 73
Model Results Without Material and Rail Pad Damping 73
Model Results with Material and Rail Pad Damping 74
4 Model Calibration and Comparison with Experimental Results 74
4.1 Experimental Results 75
4.2 Squeal Frequencies 75
4.3 Top-of-Rail Friction Modification 75
4.4 Model Calibration 76
4.5 Comparison of Model and Experimental Results 76
5 Conclusion 77
References 78
4 Prediction of Wheel Squeal Amplitude 80
Abstract 80
1 Introduction 80
2 Methodologies 82
2.1 Experimental Methods 82
2.2 Theoretical Modelling 84
2.3 Analysis of Wheel Squeal to Predict the Steady State Amplitude 85
3 Results 87
4 Conclusions 90
References 90
5 Investigation of Railway Curve Squeal Using a Combination of Frequency- and Time-Domain Models 92
Abstract 92
1 Introduction 93
2 Curve Squeal Models 94
2.1 Submodels 94
2.1.1 Wheel Model 95
2.1.2 Track Model 95
2.1.3 Wheel/Rail Contact Model 96
2.2 Solution Procedure 97
2.2.1 Linear Stability Analysis 97
2.2.2 Time-Domain Model 98
3 Numerical Results 98
3.1 Linear Stability Analysis 98
3.2 Time-Domain Simulations 100
3.3 Discussion 102
4 Conclusions 102
References 103
Policy, Regulation and Perception 105
6 State of the Art Review of Rail Noise Policy 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 107
2 Background 107
2.1 The Introduction of General Noise Regulations 107
2.2 Reasons to Promote Expansion of Railways 108
2.3 Responsibility for Railway Noise 108
2.4 Sources of Railway Noise 109
2.4.1 Factors Contributing to Geographic Variation in Railway Noise Sources 109
2.4.2 Overview of Potential Geographic Variation in Railway Noise Sources 110
2.5 Treatment of Railways Relative to Other Noise Sources 111
3 Approaches to Rail Noise Management 114
3.1 Noise Limits on Individual Rail Vehicles 114
3.2 Incentives to Reduce Noise 115
3.3 Impact Assessment Noise Limits at Receiver Locations 115
3.4 Land Use Planning Controls 116
3.5 Noise Abatement Programs 116
3.6 Population-Based Targets 116
4 Recent Geographic Developments and Future Directions 117
4.1 Asia 117
4.2 Australia 118
4.3 Europe 118
4.4 North America 120
5 Constraints and Challenges to Effective Policy 120
5.1 Technical Factors 121
5.2 Geographic Factors 121
5.3 Cost of Implementation 122
5.4 Mechanisms to Evaluate Policy Effectiveness 122
6 Conclusions 123
Acknowledgements 124
References 124
7 Supporting Decision Making and Management of Freight Rail Noise Using GIS 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction 128
2 The Rail Freight Noise Information System 129
3 Data Management Using RFNIS 129
4 Decision Making Using RFNIS 130
4.1 A Framework for Decision Making Using RFNIS 130
4.1.1 Ask 131
4.1.2 Acquire 131
4.1.3 Analyse 131
4.1.4 Act 131
4.2 Decision Making Using RFNIS—A Case Study 131
4.2.1 Ask 132
4.2.2 Acquire 132
4.2.3 Analyse 132
4.2.4 Act 134
5 Benefits of Using RFNIS 134
5.1 Evidence Based Decision Making 134
5.2 Improved Management of Rail Noise Mitigation Programs 134
5.3 Improved Complaints Management 135
5.4 Improved Record Keeping 135
6 Conclusions and the Future of RFNIS 135
References 136
8 Between the Wheel and the Track: A Regulator’s Reflections on Rail Noise Regulation in NSW 137
Abstract 137
1 Introduction 137
2 Key Environmental Impacts Associated with the Network 139
3 Regulation of Rail Noise in NSW 139
3.1 1975–1999 140
3.1.1 Development of the Locomotive Noise Emissions Limits 141
3.2 1999-Current 142
3.2.1 Locomotive Noise Emissions Limits 143
3.2.2 Pollution Reduction Programs 144
3.2.3 Other NSW State Programs Relevant to Rail Noise 144
Rail Infrastructure Noise Guidelines 145
Guidelines for Development Near Rail Corridors and Busy Roads 145
Freight Noise Attenuation Program 145
4 Regulatory Reform 146
4.1 Assessment of the Current Regulatory Regime 146
4.2 Future Regulation 146
5 Conclusion 147
References 148
9 Abatement of Railway Noise in Germany 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Technical Measures to Abate Railway Noise 150
2.1 Disk Brakes 151
2.2 Optimized Wheel Geometry 152
2.3 Shielded Bogies and Wheels 153
2.4 Noise Absorber Blinds at the Cooling Air in- and Outlet 154
2.5 Optimized Blade Shape for the Cooling Fan 156
3 Conclusions 156
References 157
Predictions, Measurements and Modelling 158
10 Quantifying Uncertainties in Measurements of Railway Vibration 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 159
2 Field Measurement Campaign 160
3 Sources of Measurement Uncertainty 161
3.1 Longitudinal Variation 161
3.2 Sampling of Hammer Impacts 162
3.3 Time Lapse Between Measurements 164
4 Discussion 167
References 169
11 Reproducibility of Railway Noise Measurements—Influence of Weather and Test Site Conditions 171
Abstract 171
1 Introduction 172
2 Survey of Noise Monitoring Systems 172
3 Field Assessment of Influence of Weather Conditions 173
3.1 Influence of Temperature 174
3.2 Influence of Rain 176
3.3 Influence of Snow 176
3.4 Summary 176
4 Numerical Assessment of Influence of Ground Conditions 177
4.1 Direct and Reflected Sound Waves 178
4.2 Influence of Ground Surface Level and Ground Impedance 179
4.3 Influence of Temperature 181
5 Requirements on Monitoring Systems for Reproducibility of Noise Data 181
References 183
12 Train Speed Estimations from Ground Vibration Measurements Using a Simple Rail Deflection Model Mask 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Concept 185
3 Definition of the Train Mask 186
3.1 Rail Deflection Model 186
4 Validation 188
4.1 Survey Methodology 188
4.2 Train Speed Estimation Process 189
4.2.1 Estimation Using the Train Mask Method 190
4.2.2 Estimation Using the Video Recording 190
4.3 Limitation of Doppler Radar 191
4.4 Results 191
5 Conclusions 193
References 194
13 Groundborne Railway Noise and Vibration in Buildings: Results of a Structural and Acoustic Parametric Study 195
Abstract 195
1 Introduction 196
2 Building Vibration 196
2.1 Basement Vibration Measurements 196
2.2 Finite Element Model 197
2.3 Parametric Study 198
3 Re-radiated Noise 201
3.1 Finite Element Model 201
3.2 Parametric Study 203
4 Conclusions 205
References 206
14 Identifying Noise Levels of Individual Rail Pass by Events 207
Abstract 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Methodology 209
2.1 System Design 209
2.2 Data Processing and Analysis 209
3 Results 210
3.1 Test Location 1 210
3.2 Test Location 2 213
4 Discussion 214
5 Conclusion 215
References 215
15 A Modified Turnout Noise Model and Field Validation 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 216
1.1 Existing Empirical Approach 217
1.2 Existing Analytical Approach 217
1.3 Scope of Present Study 217
2 Noise Source Characteristics 218
2.1 Noise Radiation from Rail, Sleeper and Wheel 218
2.2 Equivalent Source Length 220
2.3 Relative Source Strength Between Switch and Crossing 221
3 Parametric Study 221
3.1 Train Speed Dependence 221
3.2 Effect of Unsprung Mass 222
3.3 Future Studies 223
4 Modified Turnout Noise Model 224
5 Field Validation 225
6 Conclusions 226
References 227
16 Railway Noise: A New Paradigm for SNCF Acousticians 228
Abstract 228
1 Introduction 229
2 Prospective and Innovative Design Methodology 230
3 Minilab in Acoustics 231
3.1 Participants 231
3.2 “D”efine Phase: Defining Framework 231
3.3 “K”nowledge Phase: Opening on State of the Non-art 232
3.4 “C”oncept Phase 233
3.5 “P”roposals/“P”rojects Phase: Exploration Strategy Elaboration 235
4 Examples of Projects 236
4.1 Discrete Noise Barrier 236
4.2 Smart Railway Station 237
5 Conclusion 237
References 238
17 Ageing Cuts Down the Track Homogeneity Causing Differences Between Calculations and Measurements of Railway Noise 239
Abstract 239
1 Introduction 240
2 Deviation of the Vertical Local Mobility of a Rail 240
2.1 Loss of Pad Thickness 241
2.2 Loss of Pad Stiffness 244
3 Deviation of the TDR 246
4 Conclusions 248
References 249
18 Track Condition Assessment Using Primary Suspension Data 250
Abstract 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Background 251
3 Measurement Set-up 252
3.1 Displacement Sensors 252
3.2 Train Tachogenerator 252
3.3 On-board Compact Field Computer 252
4 Data Processing 253
5 Result 254
6 Discussion 258
7 Conclusion 260
Acknowledgements 261
References 261
19 Modelling Framework for Electromagnetic Noise Generation from Traction Motors 262
Abstract 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Background 263
3 Simulation Framework 264
3.1 Real Time Based Simulations 264
3.2 Converter Control 264
3.3 Electrical Induction Motor Model 265
3.4 Electromagnetic Forces 266
3.5 Structural Model 266
3.6 Acoustic Domain 268
4 Simulation and Experimental Results 269
4.1 Experimental Study 269
4.2 Electromagnetic Force 269
4.3 Structural Response 270
4.3.1 Simulated Structural Response 270
4.3.2 Measured Structural Response 271
4.3.3 Model Validation 272
4.4 Sound Pressure Level 273
4.4.1 Sound Pressure Level as Function of Torque 274
4.4.2 Sound Pressure Level as Function of Flux 274
4.4.3 Sound Pressure as Function of Motor Speed 274
5 Conclusion 275
Acknowledgements 276
References 276
20 Design and Performance of a Permanent Vibration Monitoring System with Exceedance Alarms in Train Tunnels 278
Abstract 278
1 Introduction 279
2 Description of Vibration Monitors and Early Warning System 280
2.1 Vibration Monitors 280
2.2 Wheel Flat Detectors 281
2.3 VMS Monitors Averaging and Windowing Function 281
2.4 Relationship Between Train Vibration in the Tunnels and UW Building Vibration 282
2.5 Train-in-Zone 282
3 Performance of the WFD System 282
4 Performance of the VMS System 283
4.1 Suspected Exceedance Alarm at 6.3 Hz 284
4.2 Suspected Exceedance Alarm at 12.5 Hz 285
4.3 Suspected Exceedance at 16 Hz 287
4.4 Suspected Exceedance at 20 Hz 287
4.5 Train Vibration 288
5 Conclusions 290
References 290
21 The Uncertainty Associated with Short-Term Noise Measurements of Passenger and Freight Trains 291
Abstract 291
1 Introduction 292
1.1 Uncertainty, Confidence Intervals and Coverage Factors 292
1.2 Uncertainty of Short-Term Measurements to Quantify Long-Term Measurements 292
2 Measurement Sites and Methodology 293
2.1 Train Types 293
2.2 Measurement Locations and Methodology 293
3 Summary of Measurement Results 294
3.1 LAeq(Period) Noise Levels 294
3.1.1 Guidance Based on ISO/DIS 1996-2 294
3.1.2 Measurement Uncertainties 295
3.1.3 Calculation of LAeq(Period) Noise Levels 295
3.1.4 Discussion of Measurement Uncertainties 295
3.1.5 Comparison of Measurement Results with ISO/DIS 1996-2 297
3.2 LAmax, 95% Noise Levels 297
4 Implications for Measurement Surveys and Compliance Monitoring 298
4.1 Overall Measurement Uncertainty and Budgeting 298
4.2 Uncertainty Budget Approach 299
4.3 Recommendations for Reducing the Level of Measurement Uncertainty 299
4.4 Uncertainties Associated with Compliance Monitoring 301
4.5 Worked Example for Mixed Passenger/Freight Train Operations 301
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 302
References 303
22 Rail Ground-Borne Noise and Vibration Prediction Uncertainties 304
Abstract 304
1 Introduction 305
1.1 Railway Ground-Borne Noise and Vibration 305
1.2 Modelling Parameters and Uncertainties 306
2 Uncertainty, Confidence Intervals and Coverage Factors 308
2.1 Uncertainty Budgets 308
2.2 Confidence Intervals and Coverage Factors 311
3 Uncertainty Calculations 311
3.1 Uncertainty Predictions Based on GUM 311
3.2 Uncertainty Predictions Based on Monte-Carlo Simulation 312
4 Methods Used to Reduce Modelling Uncertainty 312
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 314
References 314
23 Genset Locomotives: Implications for Type Testing in NSW 316
Abstract 316
1 Introduction 317
1.1 How Are Locomotives Tested for Noise Emissions in NSW? 317
1.2 What Is a Genset Locomotive? 318
2 Modelling Approach 318
2.1 Single Cylinder Model 319
2.2 Engine Model 321
3 Engine Tonality 321
3.1 Tonality for a Single Engine 322
3.2 Tonality for Two Engines Running at Different Speeds 323
3.3 Tonality for Two Engines at the Same Speed 325
4 Recommendations 325
4.1 The EPA Should Consult with the Rail Industry on Whether to Change Locomotive Test Methods 325
4.2 The Engine Model Should Be Refined 326
References 326
Rail Roughness, Corrugation and Grinding 328
24 Routine Measurement of Long Wavelength Irregularities from Vehicle-Based Equipment 329
Abstract 329
1 Introduction 330
2 Equipment and Measurements 331
3 Long Term Measurements on a Metro System 332
4 Irregularities on Different Railway Systems 333
5 Effects of Reprofiling 335
6 Conclusions 336
Acknowledgements 337
References 338
25 Noise Reduction Measure for Trussed Non-slab Bridges 339
Abstract 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Selecting a Target Bridge and Measuring Noise 340
2.1 Target Bridge 340
2.2 Measurement Locations 340
3 Noise Source Analysis 340
3.1 Hypotheses and Analytical Procedure 343
3.2 Input Data 344
3.3 Results 344
4 Noise Attribute Analysis 346
4.1 Comparing Noise Levels 346
4.2 Comparing Noise Frequency Characteristic 346
5 Noise Reduction Through Corrective Grinding 347
5.1 Overview of Corrective Grinding Method 347
5.2 Noise Levels Before and After Corrective Grinding 348
5.3 Frequency Characteristic Before and After Corrective Grinding 348
6 Corrective Grinding in Long Sections 349
6.1 Noise Levels Before and After Corrective Grinding 349
7 Conclusion 350
References 350
26 Effects of Rail Lateral Dynamic Deflection and Vibration Level on Rail Corrugation Development 351
Abstract 351
1 Introduction 352
2 Rail Lateral Dynamics and Rail Roughness Growth 352
2.1 Characteristic Frequency of Discontinuous Support System 352
2.2 Comparison of Theoretical Analysis and Test Result 353
2.3 Variation of Discontinuous Support Rail Receptance 355
2.4 The Wheel-Rail Receptance Difference Variation and the Rail Corrugation Generation 356
2.4.1 Wheel-Rail Receptance Level Difference 356
2.4.2 Generation and Development of Rail Corrugation 356
3 On Site Test 358
3.1 Test Site 358
3.2 Rail Roughness Measurements 359
3.3 Rail Corrugation Test Analysis 359
4 Conclusions 362
References 362
27 Impact of Rail Dampers on the Mainline Rail Roughness Development 363
Abstract 363
1 Introduction 364
2 Frequent Rail Roughness Measurements 364
3 Roughness Development 366
4 Discussion 369
5 Outlook 370
References 370
High Speed Rail Noise 371
28 Estimation of Aerodynamic Bogie Noise Through Field and Wind Tunnel Tests 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
2 Field Test: Flow Velocity Measurement Under the Train Car 373
2.1 Measurement Methods 373
2.2 Data Analysis 374
2.3 Measurement Result 374
2.3.1 Flow Velocity Distribution in the Rail Direction 374
2.3.2 Flow Velocity Distribution in the Sleeper Direction 375
3 Wind Tunnel Tests 376
3.1 Bogie Section 376
3.2 Flow Velocity Profile Adjustment 377
3.3 Methods for Estimating Aerodynamic Bogie Noise 378
3.4 Validation of the Estimated Aerodynamic Bogie Noise 380
4 Conclusions 381
References 382
29 Aerodynamic Noise Reduction of Brake Disc for High-Speed Trains 383
Abstract 383
1 Introduction 383
2 Development of Low-Noise Brake Disc 384
2.1 Study of Reducing Noise from Lower Part of Cars on Running Tests 384
2.2 Noise Analysis of Running Test Results 385
2.3 Development of Low-Noise Brake Disc 386
3 For Further Reducing Noise Around Wheels 387
3.1 Investigation of Noise Around Wheels with Low-Noise Brake Discs 387
3.2 Experiment of Measuring Aerodynamic Noise Generated from Rotating Brake Disc 387
3.2.1 Test Method 387
3.2.2 Aerodynamic Noise Generated from Rotating Brake Disc 388
3.2.3 Test Conditions of Investigating the Noise Sources of Low-Noise Brake Disc 388
3.2.4 Noise Source in Ventilation Route and Circumferential Gap of Low-Noise Brake Disc 390
3.2.5 Noise from Bolt Holes 391
3.2.6 Contribution of Each Noise Source 392
4 Conclusion 393
References 394
30 Development of New Noise Reduction Equipment for the Slits on Tunnel Hoods 395
Abstract 395
1 Introduction 395
2 Target of Development 396
3 Newly Developed Slit-Vented Side Walls for Tunnel Hoods 396
4 Method of the Scale Model Experiments 398
4.1 Outline of Scale Model Experiments 398
4.2 Noise Source for Experiments 398
4.3 Measurement Point 398
4.4 Parameters of the Scale Model Experiments 400
4.5 Model Scaling 400
5 Results of the Scale Model Experiments 400
5.1 Slit Only 400
5.2 A-Type 401
5.3 B-Type 401
5.4 C-Type 401
5.5 Comparison About Noise Value of Each Types 401
5.6 Effectiveness in Noise Reduction [2, 3] 402
5.7 Comparison with Actual Tunnel Hoods 403
6 Conclusion 403
References 404
31 Reduction of Aerodynamic Noise Emitted from Pantograph by Appropriate Aerodynamic Interference Around Pantograph Head Support 405
Abstract 405
1 Introduction 405
2 Flow Field Evaluation with 1/1.6 Scaled Pantograph Model 406
2.1 Details of the Wind Tunnel Test 406
2.2 Results of the PIV Measurement 408
2.3 Results of the Flow Visualization 410
2.4 Conclusion of the Flow Field Measurement 410
3 Aerodynamic Noise Measurement with Actual Shinkansen Pantograph 411
3.1 Details of the Wind Tunnel Test 411
3.2 Results and Conclusion of the Aerodynamic Noise Measurement 413
4 Conclusion 414
References 415
32 Application Effect of Chinese High-Speed Railway Noise Barriers 416
Abstract 416
1 The Application Status of Chinese Railway Noise Barrier 417
2 Field Measurement Results 417
2.1 Relationship Between Barrier IL and Speed of Electric Multiple Unit 418
2.2 Relationship Between Barrier IL and Measurement Positions 419
3 Comparison of the Calculated and Measured ILs 420
4 Conclusion 422
References 422
33 Experimental Research on the Characteristics of the Noise Source of the Chinese High-Speed Railway 424
Abstract 424
1 Introduction 424
2 Research Content and Method 425
3 Testing Result and Analysis 425
3.1 Testing Result and Analysis of High-Speed Railway Noise Source 425
3.2 Time Domain and Frequency Spectrum Characteristics of High-Speed Railway Noise 427
3.3 Comparison of the Noise Source Level of 3 Kinds of EMU in China 428
4 Comparison with Other Countries 429
4.1 Relationships Between Noise Source Levels and Speeds in Other Countries 429
4.2 Comparison of Noise Source Levels in Different Countries 430
5 Conclusions 431
References 431
34 Psychoacoustic Evaluation of Noises Generated by Passenger Seats for High Speed Trains 432
Abstract 432
1 Introduction 433
2 Seat Noises Assessment Through Jury Tests 434
2.1 Jury Test for Squeak and Rattle Noise Annoyance 434
2.2 Jury Test for Seats Operation Sound Quality 435
3 Targets Setting for SR Seat Noises 438
3.1 Psychoacoustic Parameters Study 438
3.2 Allocation Methodology 438
4 Targets Setting for Sound Quality of Seat Operations 439
4.1 Psychoacoustic Parameters Study 439
4.2 Psychoacoustic Parameters Correlation Versus Sound Quality 439
5 Conclusions, Further Work and Challenges 442
References 442
35 Active Noise Control of Interior Noise of a High-Speed Train Carriage 444
Abstract 444
1 Introduction 444
2 Active Noise Control Principles 445
3 Line and Static Transfer Function Test 446
3.1 Line Test 446
3.2 Static Transfer Function Test 448
4 The Algorithm Simulation and Analysis 449
5 ANC System Development and Effect Verification 450
6 Conclusion 452
References 452
36 Development of a Suspended Floor Structure for a Railway Vehicle 453
Abstract 453
1 Introduction 454
2 Interior Noise of a Railway Vehicle 454
3 Vibration Characteristics of a Car Body Structure 456
4 The Suspended Floor Structure 458
5 Numerical Analysis of the Suspended Floor Structure 459
5.1 Overview of the Numerical Analysis 459
5.2 Comparison Between Fixed and Suspended Floor Structures 460
6 Verification Test of the Suspended Floor Structure in a Test Car 460
6.1 Outline of the Verification Test 460
6.2 Vibration Reduction Effect of the Suspended Floor Panel 461
7 Approach for Applying to Commercial Railway Vehicles 463
8 Conclusion 464
References 464
37 Study on Sound Absorption Seats in High Speed Trains 465
Abstract 465
1 Introduction 465
2 Design of Sound Absorption Seats 466
2.1 Studies on Properties of Sound-Absorbing Materials and Layer Structure 466
2.2 Study on the Design of Perforated Plates 468
2.3 Design of the Sound Absorption Seat 469
3 Analysis of Sound Absorption Test in the Laboratory 470
4 Analysis of Results from in Situ Railway Experiments 472
5 Conclusion 473
References 474
Structure-Borne Noise and Ground-Borne Noise 475
38 On the Propagation and Prediction of Rail-Induced Ground-Borne Vibration Within Sandy Soils 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 476
2 Propagation of Ground Vibration 477
3 Empirical Propagation Model for Passenger Rail Systems at Grade 481
4 Borehole Vibration Attenuation Measurements 483
5 Conclusions and Discussions 486
References 487
39 Modelling of Ground-Borne Vibration When the Train Speed Approaches the Critical Speed 488
Abstract 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Nonlinear Soil Model 490
3 Numerical Model 493
3.1 FE Model 493
3.2 Results for Moving Loads 494
4 Conclusions 498
Acknowledgements 498
References 498
40 Influence of Soil Properties and Model Parameters on Vibrations Induced by Underground Railways for Deep Stratified Alluvial Deposits 500
Abstract 500
1 Introduction 500
2 Numerical Model with Thin-Layer Method 502
3 Characteristics of the Site and Tunnel 503
4 Numerical Example 503
5 Parameter Studies 504
5.1 Parametric Study of Soil Properties 506
5.1.1 Effect of Damping Ratio 506
5.1.2 Effect of the Poisson’s Ratio 506
5.2 Model Parameter 508
6 Conclusion 509
References 509
41 Attenuation Properties of Ground Vibration Propagated from Subway Tunnels in Soft Ground 511
Abstract 511
1 Introduction 511
2 Field Measurement 512
2.1 Outline of Field Measurement 512
2.1.1 Measurement Location 512
2.1.2 Measurement and Analysis Method 512
2.2 Measurement Results 514
2.2.1 1/3 Octave Band Spectrum 514
2.2.2 Attenuation in the Ground 515
3 Prediction Method of Attenuation in the Ground 516
3.1 Logarithmic Regression Formula 516
3.2 Empirical Equation 518
3.2.1 Fundamental Equation 518
3.2.2 Investigation of Material Damping Coefficient ? 518
3.2.3 Relational Equation Between Material Damping Coefficient ? and Frequency 519
3.3 Investigation of Damping Factor 520
4 Conclusion 521
References 522
42 Effects of Tuned Slab Damper on Low Frequency Ground Vibration Levels on Metro Systems 523
Abstract 523
1 Introduction 523
2 Theory of Tuned Slab Dampers on Metro Track 524
2.1 Theory of Dynamic Vibration Absorber 524
2.2 Application of Dynamic Vibration Absorber on Metro Track 526
3 Simulation of Vibration Reduction Effect of Tuned Slab Damper 527
3.1 Simulation Model 527
3.2 Simulation Results 529
3.2.1 Analysis of Resonance Frequency of Tuned Dampers on Slabs 529
3.2.2 Effect of Mass Ratio on Vibration Reduction Performance 529
3.2.3 Vibration Reduction Effect of Tuned Slab Dampers on Slabs and Track Bed 529
4 Frequency Response Function Test 530
4.1 Lab Test Method 530
4.2 The Frequency Response Function Analysis 531
4.2.1 The Resonance Frequency of Tuned Slab Damper Analysis 531
4.2.2 The Track Slab Transfer Function Analysis 532
4.2.3 The Slab Bed Transfer Function Analysis 532
5 On Site Test Under Traffic Conditions 533
5.1 Track Vibration Measurements 533
5.2 The Test Results Under Traffic Condition 534
6 Conclusions 535
References 535
43 Optimal Design of Wave Barriers for the Reduction of Vibration Levels 536
Abstract 536
1 Introduction 536
2 Problem Description and Methodology 537
2.1 Problem Description 537
2.2 Topology Optimization 538
2.3 Optimization Problem 539
3 Topology Optimized Design 540
4 Robust Design 542
5 Conclusion 545
Acknowledgements 545
References 545
44 Vibration Reduction with Installation of Rail Dampers—A Case Study 546
Abstract 546
1 Introduction 547
2 Methodology 548
2.1 Overview of Methodology 548
2.2 Vibration Measurements 549
2.3 Post-processing Measurement Data 549
2.4 PiP Model Initial Parameters 549
3 Results 550
3.1 Measured and Predicted Vertical PSD 550
3.2 Measurement Uncertainty 552
3.3 Model Uncertainty and Parameter Investigation 552
3.4 Predicted Surface Vibration Insertion Gain with Rail Dampers 555
4 Conclusion 557
References 557
45 Computation of Ground Vibration Around Pier by Using Axisymmetric Finite Element Method 559
Abstract 559
1 Introduction 559
2 Vibration Measurement of Girder-Type Viaduct 560
2.1 Measuring Method 561
2.2 Measuring Result 561
3 Computing Method of Ground Vibration 564
3.1 Overview of Computing Method 564
3.2 FEM Model for Calculating the Transfer Function 565
3.2.1 Modeling of the Structure 565
3.2.2 Modeling of the Ground 566
3.2.3 Excitation Position 566
3.3 Calculation of Ground Vibration Using the Transfer Function 567
3.3.1 Modeling of the Excitation Force Characteristics 567
3.3.2 Calculation of Ground Vibration 567
Ground Vibration Caused by Vertical Excitation 568
Ground Vibration Caused by Rotational Motion Around a Horizontal Axis 568
Synthesis of Vibration 569
4 Comparison Between Calculated Values and Measured Values 569
5 Conclusion 571
References 571
46 Development of Orthogonal Resilient Materials for Tuned Mass Dampers 572
Abstract 572
1 Introduction 573
2 Principle of Orthogonal Resilient Materials 574
3 Preparation of Resilient Damping Layer 575
4 Measurement 575
4.1 Mechanical Properties 575
4.2 Vibration Test 577
5 Conclusions 580
Acknowledgements 580
References 580
47 Reduction of Vibration Emissions and Secondary Airborne Noise with Under-Sleeper Pads—Effectiveness and Experiences 581
Abstract 581
1 Introduction 581
2 High-Quality Superstructure Systems Based on Evenness and Resilience 582
3 Increased Contact Area Using Under-Sleeper Pads 583
4 Vibration Isolation Using Sylomer® and Sylodyn® 584
5 Insertion Loss Measurements Prove the Efficiency 585
6 Predicting the Vibration-Damping Effect 586
7 Project Example: Tunnel 587
8 Project Example: Open Track 589
9 Latest Developments in Under-Sleeper Pads 590
10 Summary and Conclusion 591
References 591
48 Sound Transit Prototype High Performance Low Frequency Floating Slab Testing and Evaluation 592
Abstract 592
1 Introduction 592
2 Design 593
3 Slab Response 595
3.1 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Response 595
3.2 17-Hz Mode 596
3.3 Force Cancellation 597
3.4 Rail-on-Fastener Resonance 598
3.5 Predicted Insertion Gain 598
4 Performance 600
5 Conclusion 602
Acknowledgements 602
References 603
49 Development of a Test Procedure for Stiffness Measurements Appropriate to Ground-Borne Noise Modelling 604
Abstract 604
1 Introduction 604
1.1 The Stiffness of Rail Fastening Systems 604
1.2 The Stiffness Tests Described by the European Standards for Fastening Systems 605
1.3 The Requirements of Stiffness Measurement Data for Use in Predictive Models for Ground-Borne Noise 606
1.4 Aims of This Work 607
2 Stiffness Measurements for Fastening Systems with a Single Resilient Element 607
2.1 Measurements Made on a Pandrol 5877D Studded Rubber Rail Pad 607
2.2 Note on Amplitudes of Displacement and Strain 610
2.3 Measurements on a Complete Fastening System Fitted with the 5877D Rail Pad 610
3 Stiffness Measurements for a Two-Stage Resilient Baseplate 611
4 Stiffness Measurements for a Very Low Stiffness Baseplate 613
5 Conclusions 615
References 615
50 A Comprehensive Review of Force Density Levels from Sound Transit’s Light Rail Transit Fleet 617
Abstract 617
1 Introduction 618
2 Background 619
2.1 Force Density Level 619
2.2 Sound Transit Fleet 620
3 Description of Testing Sites and Conditions 620
4 Force Density Data 621
4.1 Vibration Peak Between 8 and 10 Hz 623
4.2 Vibration Peak Between 20 and 25 Hz 623
4.3 Vibration Peak Between 40 and 80 Hz 625
5 Conclusions 626
References 627
51 Estimating Adjustment Factors to Predict Vibration at Research Facilities Based on Measurements in a Subway Tunnel 629
Abstract 629
1 Introduction 630
1.1 Background 630
1.2 Approach for Estimating VAEs 632
2 Measurement Programs 633
2.1 Vibration Tests Performed in August 2015 633
2.2 Supplementary Measurements February 2016 (Phases 2 and 3) 634
3 Testing Results 635
3.1 Transfer Mobility Test Results 636
3.1.1 Subway to Surface Transfer Mobility Results 636
3.1.2 Outdoor-to-Indoor Transfer Function Results 637
3.2 Train Vibration Test Results 638
3.2.1 Measurements in Buildings 638
3.2.2 Comparison of Ambient Vibration and Train Vibration at VMS Sites 639
3.3 Derivation of VAEs 640
4 Conclusions and Observations 641
References 642
52 Mechanism and Reduction Countermeasure of Structure Borne Sound of Reinforced Concrete Viaducts 643
Abstract 643
1 Introduction 643
2 Research Methods 644
2.1 Analysis Methods 644
2.2 Dynamic Model of Vehicle 645
2.3 Dynamic Model of Track and Structure 647
2.4 Dynamic Model of Interaction Force Between Wheel and Rail 647
2.5 Numerical Analysis Method 648
2.6 Analysis Cases 649
3 Analysis Results 650
3.1 Vibration Modes 650
3.2 Characteristics of Excitation Force 650
3.3 Frequency Characteristics of Each Structure Member 651
3.4 Effectiveness of Countermeasures of Structure Borne Sound 651
4 Conclusion 653
References 654
53 The Factors Associated with the Management of Combined Rail/Wheel Roughness to Control Groundborne Noise and Vibration from the UK’s Crossrail Project 655
Abstract 655
1 Introduction 656
2 Crossrail Combined Rail/Wheel Roughness Commitments 656
3 Technical Considerations 657
3.1 Description of Roughness 657
3.2 Relevant Wavelengths for Groundborne Noise and Vibration 657
3.3 Combined Roughness 658
4 Measurement of Rail Roughness 659
4.1 BS EN 15610 659
4.2 Measurement Equipment 660
5 Control of Rail Roughness 661
5.1 Crossrail Track Systems 662
5.2 Grinding/Profiling 663
5.3 Standard UK Reprofiling 664
5.4 High Speed Passive Grinding 664
5.5 Acoustic Grinding (Shuffle Grinding) 665
6 Next Steps 665
Acknowledgements 665
References 666
54 Verification of the Effectiveness of a Floating Track Slab System After 20 Years of Service 667
Abstract 667
1 Introduction 668
2 Verification of the Effectiveness of a Floating Track Slab System 668
2.1 Historic Review 668
2.2 Design of the Floating Track Slab System 668
2.3 Visual Inspections of the Bearings 670
2.4 Inspections of the Track System During Non-operating Rail Traffic 670
2.4.1 Determination of the Natural Frequency by Measurements 670
2.4.2 Comparison of Measured to Calculated Frequency 671
2.5 Measurements Under Rail Traffic in Service 671
2.5.1 Basics of the Measurements 671
2.5.2 Implementation of the Measurement Campaign 673
2.5.3 Data Processing and Results 674
2.5.4 Comparison of Numerically Calculated and in Situ Measured Insertion Loss 675
3 Conclusions 676
References 676
Wheel and Rail Noise 678
55 Low Cost Noise Barriers for Mitigation of Rail Noise 679
Abstract 679
1 Introduction 680
2 Noise Barrier Design Tool 680
3 Noise Barrier Field Trial 680
3.1 Trial Methodology 681
3.1.1 Site Description 681
3.1.2 Noise Barrier Types and Installation 681
3.1.3 Noise Measurements 681
Attended Field Insertion Loss Measurements 682
Unattended Field Insertion Loss Measurements 682
3.2 Data Analysis 683
3.2.1 Attended Insertion Loss Measurements 683
3.2.2 Unattended Insertion Loss Measurements 683
3.3 Results 683
3.3.1 Attended Field Insertion Loss Measurements Results 683
3.3.2 Unattended Insertion Loss Measurements 684
4 An Approach for the Design of Low Cost Noise Barriers 684
4.1 Noise Barrier Design Case Study 685
4.1.1 Case Study 1—Wheel Squeal 685
4.2 Case Study 2—Locomotive Noise 686
4.3 Cost Comparison 687
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 688
References 689
56 A New Model for the Prediction of Track Sound Radiation 690
Abstract 690
1 Introduction 691
2 Ballast Absorption and Its Effects on the Track Sound Radiation 691
2.1 Ballast Absorption 691
2.2 Rail and Sleeper Radiation 693
3 Validation Using 1:5 Scale Track 695
3.1 Point Mobility and Decay Rate 695
3.2 Sound Power from the Whole Track 697
4 Application to Operational Track 698
4.1 Prediction of the Sound Radiation from Different Components in the Track 699
4.2 Prediction of the Sound Radiation from the Whole Track 700
5 Conclusions 701
Acknowledgements 702
References 702
57 Friction Management as a Sustainable Solution for Controlling Noise at the Wheel-Rail Interface 703
Abstract 703
1 Introduction 703
2 Friction Management 704
3 Noise Phenomena in a Railway Environment 705
4 Noise Mitigation with Friction Management 706
4.1 Micro Roughness as Indicator for Rolling Noise Mitigation 706
4.2 Rumble Noise (E.G. Corrugation Growth Reduction) 707
4.3 Flanging Noise and TOR Squeal Reduction Mitigation 709
4.4 Implications on Impact Noise Generation 711
4.5 Other Benefits of Friction Modifiers 712
5 Implementation Considerations 712
6 Conclusions 713
References 714
58 Development of Supported Rail Vibration Models 715
Abstract 715
1 Introduction 715
2 Method 717
2.1 Equivalent Spring-Mass-Spring Support Model 717
2.2 Mass and Spring Based Support Models 718
2.2.1 Mass Element Model 1 718
2.2.2 Mass Element Model 2 719
2.2.3 Massless Spring-Damper Element 720
3 Track Parameters 723
4 Results and Discussion 723
5 Conclusions 725
Acknowledgements 725
References 726
59 Characterization of Train Fleet Wheel Condition in a Metro 727
Abstract 727
1 Introduction 728
2 Methodology 728
2.1 Measurement Concept 728
2.2 Measurement Setup 729
2.3 Relationship Between Wheel Flat and Noise Level 731
2.4 Benchmarking of Train Fleets 731
3 Measurement Result and Analysis 732
3.1 Overall Train Fleet Performance and Characterization Based on Train Type 732
3.2 Outlier Analysis 734
3.3 Maintenance Optimization 735
3.4 Increasing Train Traffic Due to New Signaling System 736
4 Conclusion 737
Acknowledgements 738
References 738
60 Hybrid Model for Prediction of Impact Noise Generated at Railway Crossings 739
Abstract 739
1 Introduction 739
2 Impact Noise Measured on the Rhine-Alpine Rail Corridor 741
3 Time-Domain Wheel?Turnout Interaction Model 741
3.1 Wheel Model 742
3.2 Simplified Model of a Railway Crossing 743
4 Hybrid Method for Prediction of Impact Noise at the Crossing 745
5 Results 746
6 Conclusions 748
Acknowledgements 749
References 749
61 Classification of Impact Signals from Insulated Rail Joints Using Spectral Analysis 750
Abstract 750
1 Introduction 750
2 Instrumented Revenue Vehicle Data Acquisition 751
3 Spectral Analysis of Impact Signals 752
3.1 Time-Frequency Based: The Discrete Wavelet Transform 753
3.2 Time-Frequency Based: Scale Averaged Wavelet Power 754
3.3 Frequency Based: Wavelet Energy 755
3.4 Wavelet Selection 755
4 Clustering of Impact Signals 756
5 Correlation of Clustering Analysis with Maintenance Records 757
6 Conclusions 759
References 759