Building Automation (eBook)

Foreword 2nd Edition 6
Contents 7
1 Introduction to Building Automation 13
1.1 What Is Building Automation? 13
1.1.1 Building Automation in Private Residential Buildings 13
1.1.2 Building Automation in Commercial Buildings 14
1.2 The Difference Between Building Automation and Building Control 15
1.2.1 Systems in Building Automation 17
1.2.2 Systems in Building Control 19
1.3 The Structure of Building Automation and Control Networks 20
1.3.1 The Hierarchical Structure of Building Automation 20
1.3.2 The Hierarchical Structure in Building Control 23
1.4 Usage of DDC Automation Devices 25
1.4.1 Basic Functions of Building Automation 25
1.4.1.1 Basic Function Reporting 26
1.4.1.2 Basic Function Metering 27
1.4.1.3 Basic Function Measuring 27
1.4.1.4 Basic Function Switching 28
1.4.1.5 Basic Function Setting 28
1.4.2 System Information Schema 29
1.4.3 Functions in a Ventilation System 30
1.4.3.1 Frost Protection Monitoring 30
1.4.3.2 Preventive Frost Protection 33
1.4.3.3 Start-up Function for Low Outdoor Temperatures 33
1.4.3.4 Control Sequence for Room Temperature Regulation 34
1.4.3.5 Reversion of Effect for Hatch Control During Summer Operation 34
1.4.4 Scope of Services and Supplies 35
1.5 Energy Management Functions 36
1.5.1 Payback Period 36
1.5.2 Energy Management Functions at the Automation Level 37
1.5.2.1 Demand-Driven Setpoint Adjustment 37
1.5.2.2 Enthalpy Control 38
1.5.2.3 Real-Time Control 38
1.5.2.4 Optimum Start/Stop 38
1.5.2.5 Day/Night Setback 38
1.5.2.6 Zero-Energy Range Control 39
1.5.2.7 Duty Cycling 40
1.5.3 Energy Management Functions at the Management Level 40
1.5.3.1 Scheduled Start/Stop 40
1.5.3.2 Limiting Peak Load 41
1.5.3.3 Monitoring Energy Consumption 43
1.5.3.4 Energy Saving Contracting 43
1.6 Comfort, Convenience and Energy Management Functions in Room Automation 44
1.7 Standardized Bus Systems and Networks in Building Automation 46
1.7.1 Bus System and Network Requirements 47
1.7.2 Bus Systems and Networks: Areas of Use 47
1.7.2.1 Lighting and Shading Control Using Konnex 47
1.7.2.2 Using LonWorks to Control Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems 48
1.7.2.3 Connecting Control Computers via BACnet 49
1.7.3 Current Standards 50
1.8 Exercises 51
References 51
2 The Basics of Industrial Communication Technology 53
2.1 Industrial Communication 53
2.1.1 Field Bus Communication 53
2.1.2 Communication over Networks 54
2.2 Digital Data Transfer: Important Terms and Definitions 55
2.2.1 Key Terms 55
2.2.1.1 Bits and Bytes 55
2.2.1.2 Binary and Hexadecimal Format 56
2.2.1.3 Bit Rate 57
2.2.1.4 Modulation Rate 58
2.2.1.5 Correlation Between Bit Rate and Modulation Rate 58
2.2.2 Digital Data Transmission Systems 58
2.2.3 Source Coding and Decoding 59
2.2.4 Channel Coding and Decoding 61
2.2.4.1 Parity Check 62
2.2.4.2 Block Parity Check 62
2.2.4.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check 63
2.2.5 Line Coding and Decoding 65
2.2.5.1 The Non-return-to-Zero Code (NRZ) 66
2.2.5.2 The Manchester Code (Biphase-L) 66
2.2.5.3 The Differential Manchester Code 67
2.3 The ISO/OSI Reference Model 68
2.3.1 Data Transmission and Communication 69
2.3.2 Rules for Communicating 69
2.3.3 The ISO/OSI Reference Model 70
2.4 Field Bus and Network Topologies 72
2.5 Media Access Control Methods 72
2.5.1 Deterministic Media Access 72
2.5.2 Nondeterministic Media Access 73
2.6 Exercises 73
References 74
3 Konnex 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.1.1 What Is Konnex? 75
3.1.2 The History of Konnex 75
3.1.3 The Benefits of Konnex 77
3.1.3.1 Functions in Buildings and Communication Participants 77
3.1.3.2 Conventional Building Control Technology 77
3.1.3.3 Building Control Using Konnex 77
3.1.4 Reasons for Learning About KNX 78
3.2 Conventional Installation Technology 78
3.2.1 Safety Instructions 79
3.2.2 Task: Stairwell and Corridor Lighting in an Apartment Building 79
3.2.3 On/Off Switching Circuits 80
3.2.4 Changeover Switching Circuits 81
3.2.5 Crossover Switching Circuits 82
3.3 Overview of Konnex 84
3.4 Transmission Media and Features of KNX.TP 85
3.4.1 Transmission Media 85
3.4.2 Criteria for the Choice of a Transmission Medium 85
3.4.3 Characteristics of KNX.TP 85
3.4.3.1 Bus Lines 86
3.4.3.2 Bus Signal 86
3.4.3.3 Bitrate 88
3.5 KNX Bus Devices 88
3.5.1 Types of Bus Devices 89
3.5.2 Frequently Used Bus Devices 90
3.5.2.1 Power Supply Units with an Integrated Choke 90
3.5.2.2 Switch Actuators (Six-Gang) 91
3.5.2.3 Switch Sensors (Four-Gang) 91
3.6 Topology 92
3.6.1 Definition 92
3.6.2 Nodes, Lines, and Areas 93
3.6.3 Power Supply Units 95
3.6.4 Couplers 95
3.6.4.1 Line Repeaters 96
3.6.4.2 Line Couplers 97
3.6.4.3 Backbone Couplers 97
3.6.5 Installation Guidelines 97
3.6.6 Block Diagrams and Standardized Device Symbols 99
3.7 Addressing Nodes (Devices) 100
3.7.1 Physical Addresses 100
3.7.1.1 Physical Addresses for Couplers and Line Repeaters 101
3.7.1.2 Physical Addresses for Main Lines and Backbone Lines 101
3.7.1.3 Examples of Physical Addresses 102
3.7.2 Group Addresses (Logical Addresses) 102
3.7.2.1 Two-Level Addressing 103
3.7.2.2 Three-Level Addressing 103
3.7.2.3 Main Groups 14 and 15 104
3.8 Communication Objects 104
3.8.1 Definition 104
3.8.2 Characteristics of Communication Objects 104
3.8.2.1 Structure 104
3.8.2.2 Attributes 105
3.8.2.3 Access Methods 105
3.8.3 Communication Objects in Sensors 106
3.8.4 Communication Objects in Actuators 107
3.8.5 Assigning Communication Objects to Group Adresses 107
3.8.5.1 General Rules 107
3.8.5.2 Example 109
3.9 User Data 110
3.9.1 Accessing Services of the Application Layer 110
3.9.2 EIB Interworking Standard (EIS) 111
3.9.2.1 EIS-Type 1: Switching 111
3.9.2.2 EIS-Type 2: Dimming 112
3.9.3 Length of User Data 112
3.10 The Communication Process 112
3.10.1 Frame Types 114
3.10.1.1 Data Frames 114
3.10.1.2 Poll Data Frame 114
3.10.1.3 Acknowledgment Frame 114
3.10.1.4 Type of Frame in the Control Field 115
3.10.2 Structure of a Standard Data Frame 115
3.10.3 Universal Asynchronous Receive Transmit (UART) 115
3.10.3.1 UART Characters 115
3.10.3.2 Sending UART Characters 116
3.10.4 Bus Arbitration 116
3.10.4.1 Idle Bus 117
3.10.4.2 Access Classes 117
3.10.4.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance 117
3.10.4.4 Criteria for Bus Access 119
3.10.4.5 Example of Bus Arbitration 121
3.10.5 Forwarding Data Frames 122
3.10.5.1 Filter Function of Coupers and Line Repeaters 122
3.10.5.2 Routing Counter 123
3.10.6 Backup 123
3.10.6.1 Cross Parity 124
3.10.6.2 Example 124
3.10.7 Acknowledgment Frames 124
3.10.7.1 The Content of an Acknowledgment Frame 125
3.10.7.2 How a Sender Responds to an Acknowledgment Frame 125
3.10.7.3 Example 1 125
3.10.7.4 Example 2 126
3.10.8 The Length of the Communication Process 126
3.11 Summary of Data Frame Structures 128
3.11.1 Standard Data Frame 128
3.11.1.1 Control Field (Byte 0) 128
3.11.1.2 Source Address (Byte 1 and Byte 2) 128
3.11.1.3 Destination Address Field (DAF), Routing Counter, Length (Byte 5) 129
3.11.1.4 User Data (Byte 6 and Byte 7) 129
3.11.1.5 Checksum (Byte 8) 129
3.11.2 Acknowledgment Frame 129
3.12 KNX Hardware 131
3.12.1 External Hardware 132
3.12.2 Internal Hardware 133
3.12.2.1 The Principal Internal Configuration of a KNX.TP Communication Device 133
3.12.2.2 Transceivers 134
3.12.2.3 Microcontrollers 135
3.12.2.4 The Physical External Interface 136
3.13 KNX Software 137
3.13.1 Overview 137
3.13.2 The Software Components in a Compact Device 138
3.13.3 Software Components in a Modular Device 138
3.13.4 System Software 139
3.13.5 Application Programs 140
3.13.5.1 Selection of Application 140
3.13.5.2 Application Parameters 141
3.13.6 Engineering Tool Software, Version 5 141
3.13.6.1 Licenses 141
3.13.6.2 The Project Store 142
3.13.6.3 Designing and Configuring Projects 143
3.13.6.4 Commissioning 143
3.14 Putting the Theory into Practice 144
3.15 Practice Project: Lighting Control 146
3.15.1 Customer Order 147
3.15.2 Required Devices 148
3.16 Designing and Configuring Projects Using ETS 5 148
3.16.1 Preliminary Considerations 148
3.16.2 Launching ETS 5 150
3.16.3 Creating a New Project 150
3.16.4 Importing Product Data 150
3.16.5 Defining Areas and Lines and Adding Devices 151
3.16.6 Setting Device Parameters 152
3.16.6.1 Parameter Dialog of a Four-Gang-Switch Sensor 152
3.16.6.2 Parameter Dialog of a Six-Gang-Switch Actuator 154
3.16.7 Creating Group Addresses 155
3.16.8 Assigning Communication Objects to Group Addresses 156
3.17 Commissioning 157
3.17.1 Hardware 157
3.17.2 Programming Devices 158
3.17.3 Testing the Lighting Control System 161
3.17.4 Diagnostics/Monitoring the Bus 161
3.18 Trends 163
3.18.1 Touch-Screen Control Panels 164
3.18.2 Integrating Building Control into IP Networks 165
3.19 Exercises 166
References 169
4 Building Automation with LonWorks® 170
4.1 Technological Transition in Building Automation 170
4.2 The Benefits of LonWorks® Technology 171
4.2.1 Use in Building Control 171
4.2.1.1 Replacing Conventional Wiring in Room Automation 173
4.2.1.2 The Economic Benefits of Interconnected Systems 173
4.2.1.3 Increased Flexibility Through Reprogramming Instead of Rewiring 175
4.2.1.4 Additional Security Features 175
4.2.2 Using LON Technology at the Automation Level 176
4.3 The History of LonWorks® 177
4.3.1 The Use of LonWorks Technology Worldwide 178
4.3.2 Organizational Units 178
4.3.3 Standardization 179
4.4 Basics of the LonWorks System 179
4.4.1 Components 179
4.4.1.1 The Neuron Chip 179
4.4.1.2 LonTalk Protocol 180
4.4.1.3 Transceivers 180
4.4.1.4 LonWorks Tools 181
4.4.1.5 The LonMark Interoperability Association 181
4.4.2 Components and Functionality of a LON Device 182
4.4.2.1 How a Neuron Chip (with Memory) Works 182
4.4.2.2 Input and Output Conditioning 184
4.4.2.3 Power Supply and Adaptor 185
4.4.2.4 The Service Button and Neuron ID 185
4.4.2.5 Service LED 186
4.4.2.6 Transceivers 187
4.5 Transfer of Information Between LON Devices 191
4.5.1 Physical Network Topologies 191
4.5.1.1 Bus Networks 192
4.5.1.2 Star and Ring Networks 192
4.5.1.3 Subnets 193
4.5.1.4 Domains 195
4.5.1.5 Creating the Network Structure 195
4.5.2 Frame Structure 196
4.5.3 Media Access Control and Signal Coding 196
4.5.3.1 Predictive P-Persistent CSMA 196
4.5.3.2 Differential Manchester Code 196
4.5.4 Logical Network Architecture with Network Variables 198
4.5.4.1 What Are Network Variables? 198
4.5.4.2 Binding 199
4.5.4.3 Acknowledgment Services 200
4.5.5 Interoperability of LON Devices 200
4.5.5.1 LonMark Objects and Functional Profiles 201
4.5.5.2 Configuration Properties 202
4.5.5.3 Standard Network Variable Types in Building Automation 204
4.6 LonWorks Tools 206
4.6.1 Development Tools LonBuilder and NodeBuilder 207
4.6.2 Network Integration Tools 207
4.6.2.1 LonWorks Network Services 207
4.6.2.2 LonMaker Integration Tool 208
4.7 LonWorks System Architecture 210
4.7.1 Building Automation System with LON 210
4.7.2 Connecting LON Networks to the Internet 212
4.8 Examples of Use 213
4.8.1 Lighting Control with LON 213
4.8.2 A Lighting Control System with a Panic Button Using LON 215
4.9 Exercises 217
Literature 218
5 BACnet 220
5.1 Introduction 220
5.1.1 What Is BACnet? 220
5.1.2 BACnet Organizations 221
5.1.3 Areas of Use 221
5.1.4 Overview of the Basic Principles 223
5.1.4.1 Types of Information 223
5.1.4.2 Transport Ways 223
5.1.4.3 Objects 223
5.1.4.4 The BACnet Communication Architecture 224
5.2 Physical Layer and Data Link Layer 226
5.2.1 Master-Slave/Token-Passing 226
5.2.1.1 Physical Layer (EIA-485 and EIA-232) 227
5.2.1.2 Data Link Layer 229
5.2.2 Point-to-Point 230
5.2.2.1 Physical Layer 230
5.2.2.2 Data Link Layer 231
5.2.3 Ethernet 231
5.2.3.1 Transfer Using Twisted Pair 232
Twisted Pair 232
Transmission Standards: 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T 232
Autonegotiation 235
Autosensing 236
Power-Over Ethernet 236
5.2.3.2 Network Components (Repeaters, Bridges, Hubs and Switches) 237
Repeaters 238
Bridges 238
Hubs 239
Switches 240
Virtual Local Area Networks 241
5.2.3.3 Transmission Over Fiber-Optic Cable 244
The Structure of a Fiber-Optic Cable 244
Attenuation 245
5.2.3.4 Structured Cabling 248
5.2.3.5 Wireless LAN 249
5.2.3.6 Frames and MAC Addresses 249
5.2.4 Arcnet 251
5.2.5 LonTalk 251
5.3 The Network Layer 251
5.3.1 Purpose 251
5.3.2 Routers 252
5.3.3 BACnet and Internet Protocols 254
5.3.3.1 IP Addresses 254
Class A 255
Class B 256
Class C 256
Other Classes 257
5.3.3.2 Routing 257
5.3.3.3 Packets 258
5.3.3.4 Subnetworks 260
5.3.4 Transmission Control Protocol 261
5.3.5 User Datagram Protocol 264
5.3.6 ARP and DHCP 264
5.3.6.1 The Address Resolution Protocol 264
5.3.6.2 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 265
5.3.7 Using BACnet with Internet Protocols 266
5.3.7.1 Tunneling Routers 266
5.3.7.2 BACnet/IP 268
5.4 The Application Layer 269
5.4.1 Data Unit and Purpose 269
5.4.2 Objects 270
5.4.2.1 What is an Object? 270
5.4.2.2 Data Types 271
5.4.2.3 Naming Conventions and Address Assignment 271
5.4.3 Standard Object Types 273
5.4.3.1 The ANALOG_INPUT Object Type 273
5.4.3.2 The ANALOG_OUTPUT Object Type 276
5.4.3.3 The ANALOG_VALUE Object Type 277
5.4.3.4 The AVERAGING Object Type 277
5.4.3.5 The BINARY_INPUT Object Type 278
5.4.3.6 The BINARY_OUTPUT Object Type 279
5.4.3.7 The BINARY_VALUE Object Type 279
5.4.3.8 The CALENDAR Object Type 280
5.4.3.9 The COMMAND Object Type 280
5.4.3.10 The DEVICE Object Type 282
5.4.3.11 The EVENT_ENROLLMENT Object Type 282
5.4.3.12 The FILE Object Type 283
5.4.3.13 The GROUP Object Type 284
5.4.3.14 The LIFE_SAFETY_POINT Object Type 284
5.4.3.15 The LIFE_SAFETY_ZONE Object Type 285
5.4.3.16 The LOOP Object Type 286
5.4.3.17 The MULTISTATE_INPUT Object Type 286
5.4.3.18 The MULTISTATE_OUTPUT Object Type 287
5.4.3.19 The MULTISTATE_VALUE Object Type 288
5.4.3.20 The NOTIFICATION_CLASS Object Type 288
5.4.3.21 The PROGRAM Object Type 288
5.4.3.22 The SCHEDULE Object Type 290
5.4.3.23 The TREND_LOG Object Type 291
5.4.3.24 The TREND_LOG_MULTIPLE Object Type 292
5.4.3.25 The ACCUMULATOR Object Type 292
5.4.4 BACnet Services 292
5.4.4.1 Object Access Services 293
5.4.4.2 Alarm and Event Services 294
Change-of-Value Reporting 294
Intrinsic Reporting 295
Algorithmic Change Reporting 296
Alarm and Event Priority 297
5.4.4.3 Remote Device Management Services 297
5.4.4.4 File Access Services 298
5.4.4.5 Virtual Terminal Services 298
5.4.5 BACnet Procedures 299
5.4.5.1 Backup and Restore 299
5.4.5.2 Command Prioritization 299
5.5 BACnet Devices and Interoperability 301
5.5.1 Interoperability Areas and Building Blocks 302
5.5.1.1 Data Sharing 302
5.5.1.2 Alarm and Event Management 303
5.5.1.3 Scheduling 303
5.5.1.4 Trending 304
5.5.1.5 Device and Network Management 304
5.5.2 BACnet Device Profiles 304
5.5.2.1 BACnet Operator Workstations 304
5.5.2.2 BACnet Building Controllers 306
5.5.2.3 BACnet Advanced Application Controller 307
5.5.2.4 BACnet Application Specific Controller 308
5.5.2.5 BACnet Smart Actuators and BACnet Smart Sensors 308
5.5.2.6 BACnet Routers 308
5.5.3 Protocol Implementation Conformance, Conformance Test and Certification of BACnet Devices 308
5.6 Gateways to Other Systems 309
5.7 Exercises 310
Index 314