Fundamentals of Electrical Circuit Analysis (eBook)

Md. Abdus Salam obtained his PhD in Electrical Engineering, in 2000 from the University Teknologi Malaysia. Currently, he is working as a Faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at the Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Negara Brunei Darussalam. His research interests include power system modelling for on-line control, insulator pollution studies, grounding systems and renewable energy. He has published a large number of referred journal and conference papers. He is a senior member of IEEE, member of IET and working as a reviewer of IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Journal of Electrostatics, Elsevier Science etc.Quazi M. Rahman obtained his PhD degree from the University of Calgary, Canada in 2002. Currently, he is serving as a faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a licensed professional engineer in the province of Ontario, Canada and a senior member of the IEEE. He is a contributing author of a number of refereed journals, proceeding papers, and book chapters in the areas of wireless communications, and power systems engineering.

Preface 6
Organization of the Book 7
Contents 8
1 Fundamental Electrical Terms 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Charge 13
1.3 Current 13
1.4 Direct and Alternating Currents 16
1.5 Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor 16
1.6 Resistance and Conductance 17
1.7 Voltage 20
1.8 Voltage and Current Sources 22
1.9 Electric Power and Energy 24
1.10 Measuring Equipment 27
1.10.1 Ohmmeter 27
1.10.2 Ammeter 28
1.10.3 Voltmeter 28
1.10.4 Wattmeter 29
1.11 Electricity Bill 30
1.12 Efficiency of a System 30
1.13 PSpice Fundamentals 32
Exercise Problems 34
References 36
2 Electrical Laws 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Ohm’s Law 37
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 39
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 41
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division Rule 43
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division Rule 46
2.7 Delta–Wye Transformation 53
2.8 Wye–Delta Transformation 54
2.9 Short Circuit and Open Circuit 59
2.10 Source Configuration 62
2.11 Source Conversion Technique 66
Exercise Problems 68
References 85
3 Different Methods for Circuit Analysis 86
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Cramer’s Rule 86
3.3 Mesh Analysis with Independent Source 88
3.4 Mesh Analysis with Dependent Source 91
3.5 Supermesh Circuit 93
3.6 Nodal Analysis 99
3.7 Nodal Analysis with Dependent Source 102
3.8 Supernode 105
Exercise Problems 111
References 120
4 Network Theorems 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Linearity Property 121
4.3 Superposition Theorem 127
4.4 Analysis of Superposition Theorem with Dependent Source 131
4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem 136
4.6 Thevenin’s Theorem with Dependent Source 142
4.7 Norton’s Theorem 147
4.8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 154
Exercise Problems 159
5 Capacitors and Inductors 186
5.1 Introduction 186
5.2 Capacitors 186
5.3 Parallel Plate Capacitor with Uniform Medium 187
5.4 Current–Voltage Terminal Characteristics of a Capacitor 189
5.5 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 192
5.6 Series and Parallel Capacitors 196
5.7 Current and Voltage Divider Rules for Capacitor 200
5.8 Coaxial Capacitor 203
5.9 Spherical Capacitor 204
5.10 Parallel Plate Capacitor with Two Dielectric Slabs 206
5.11 Inductor and Inductance 209
5.12 Current–Voltage Terminal Characteristics of an Inductor 212
5.13 Energy Stored in an Inductor 214
5.14 Series Inductors 215
5.15 Parallel Inductors 217
5.16 RC Circuit Analysis 222
5.17 RL Circuit Analysis 228
5.18 RC Circuit with Step Response 233
5.19 RL Circuit with Step Response 237
Exercise Problems 240
References 244
6 Alternating Current 245
6.1 Introduction 245
6.2 Alternating Current Parameters 245
6.3 Root Mean Square Value 249
6.4 Average Value 252
6.5 RMS Value for Complex Waveform 254
6.6 Form Factor and Peak Factor 256
6.7 Concept of Phasor 256
6.8 The j-Operator 258
6.9 Phasor Algebra 259
6.10 Alternating Current Circuit with Resistor 260
6.11 Alternating Current Circuit with Inductor 262
6.12 Alternating Current Circuit with Capacitor 265
6.13 Impedance and Admittance 268
6.14 Kirchhoff’s Laws in AC Circuit 271
6.15 Impedance and Admittance in Series 272
6.16 Impedance and Admittance in Parallel Connection 274
6.17 Delta-to-Wye Conversion 276
6.18 Wye-to-Delta Conversion 277
Exercise Problems 279
References 287
7 AC Circuit Analysis 288
7.1 Introduction 288
7.2 Nodal Analysis 288
7.3 Mesh Analysis 294
7.4 Superposition Theorem 299
7.5 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 307
7.6 Source Conversion Technique 313
Exercise Problems 315
References 327
8 AC Power Analysis 328
8.1 Introduction 328
8.2 Instantaneous Power 328
8.3 Average Power and Reactive Power 330
8.4 Apparent Power 333
8.5 Complex Power 335
8.6 Complex Power Balance 340
8.7 Power Factor and Reactive Factor 343
8.8 Power Factor Correction 344
8.9 Maximum Power Transfer 348
Exercise Problems 352
References 357
9 Three-Phase Circuits 358
9.1 Introduction 358
9.2 Three-Phase Voltage Generation 358
9.3 Phase Sequence 360
9.4 Wye Connection 361
9.5 Analysis for Wye Connection 361
9.6 Wye–Wye Connection 365
9.7 Delta Connection 367
9.8 Analysis for Delta Connection 368
9.9 Wye–Delta Connection Without Line Impedance 369
9.10 Wye–Delta Connection with Line Impedance 372
9.11 Delta–Wye System Without Line Impedance 374
9.12 Unbalanced Systems 377
9.13 Three-Phase Power Analysis 379
9.14 Parallel Delta–Wye Load 385
9.15 Measurement of Three-Phase Power 388
Exercise Problems 392
References 402
10 Frequency Response 403
10.1 Introduction 403
10.2 Frequency Response with Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance 403
10.3 Transfer Function 405
10.4 Decibel 407
10.5 Low Pass Filter 408
10.6 High Pass Filter 413
10.7 Series Resonance 416
10.8 Quality Factor for Series Resonance 417
10.9 Bandwidth for Series Resonance 418
10.10 Parallel Resonance 423
10.11 Bode Plot 428
10.12 Bode Plots for Second Order 435
Exercise Problems 440
References 447
Appendix A: Important Mathematical Formulae 448
A.1 Introduction 448
A.2 Trigonometric Formulae 448
A.3 Trigonometric Formulae 448
A.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Formulae 450
A.5 Derivative Integral Formulae 450
Appendix B: Answers to Practice and Exercise Problems 451
Index 464